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重慶市十二校2OO9年高三第一次質(zhì)量調(diào)研抽測試卷

數(shù)學(xué)文科 2009.03

本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分。滿分150分�？荚嚂r(shí)間120分鐘。

第I卷（選擇題，共60分）

試題詳情

杭十四中二??八學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期中考試

高二年級英語學(xué)科試卷

I.聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分10分）

第一節(jié)（共5小題，每題1分，滿分5分）

聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)問題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。

1. What do we know about the woman?

A. She is very fond of gardening.

B. She prefers to play in the garden

C. She is not satisfied with her garden.

2. When does the conversation take place?

A. At 5:45 B. At 5:30 C. At 5:15

3. What is the weather usually like in May?

A. It’s colder and rainier. B. It’s cooler and drier. C. It’s hotter and sunnier.

4. What language is mostly used in the man’s classes?

A. The English language. B. The students’ language. C. Both languages in turn.

5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?

A. The nation’s progress. B. Personal and local matters C. Americans’ way of thinking.

第二節(jié)（共5小題，每題1分，滿分5分）

聽下面2段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。

聽第6段材料，回答第6至7題。

6. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?

A. The use of a machine. B. The trouble of a machine. C. The directions for a machine.

7. What can we learn from the conversation?

A. Something is wrong with the machine.

B. The man can’t operate the machine properly.

C. The woman will help the man with the machine.

聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。

8. When did this university start?

A. In the 17^th century. B. In the 18^th century. C. In the 19^th century.

9. What once caused the university to close?

A. The Civil War. B. Some women and groups C. The small number of students

10. What do we know about the university?

A. It was the largest in the States then.

B. It only enrolls women and small groups.

C. It will give education to more kinds of people.

Ⅱ.單項(xiàng)選擇(共20小題，每題0.5分，滿分10分）

11.The Taylors decided that they would employ ______ cleaner to do ______ housework.

A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. 不填; the

12.The book is of great value. _______ can be enjoyed unless you digest it．

A. Nothing B. Something C. Everything D. Anything

13.The young man we’ve just talked to is a traveler ______ parents visited us last year.

A. that B. whose C. whom D. which

14.Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you’re looking for a job.

A. chance B. success C. effort D. advantage

15.The ground has been cleared and houses ______ for those homeless people now.

A. build B. have built C. are built D. are being built

16.Only when the war was over ________to his hometown.

A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier returned

C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier did return

17.He was busy yesterday, otherwise he ______ to the meeting.

A. would come B. would have been C. could have been D. would be

18.The nurse found a little boy in the corner of the room, ______ and crying.

A. frightened B. frightening C. being frightened D. having frightened

19.Alice’s father always brings her a nice gift _____ he returns home from his business trip.

A. by the time B. at the time C. every time D. in the time

20.My cousin left for London ten years ago, and I ______ her ever since.

A. wouldn’t see B. hadn’t seen C. haven’t seen D. didn’t see

21._____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.

A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. As is required

22.You should make it a rule to leave things ________you can find them again.

A. when B. where C. then D. there

23.―I had a really good weekend at my uncle’s

― _______.

A. Oh, that’s very nice of you B. Congratulations C. It’s a pleasure D. Oh, I’m glad to hear that

24.With the world population ______ to increase, our demand for energy is also growing.

A. to continue B. continue C. continuing D. continued

25.―Where is my reference book? It was here a moment ago?

―Someone _____ it by mistake.

A. must have taken B. must take C. should have taken D.could have taken

26.A _____ of $ 2, 000 will be paid to whoever brings back the lost jewellery to its owner.

A. appreciation B. sympathy C. reward D. guarantee

27.The speaker talked about sports in general and about football _______.

A. in particular B. in addition C. in all D. in store

28.What we need is a better transport system, ______, more buses and trains and fewer cars.

A. as a result B. in other words C. as a matter of fact D. by the way

29.I hope the week long holiday will be ______ to your health.

A. steady B. potential C. beneficial D. ambitious

30.When I was looking through my family’s old photos the other day, I ______ a photo of my parents’ wedding.

A. came about B. came after C. came to D. came across

Ⅲ.完形填空(共20小題，每題1分，滿分20分）

Bette Nesmith Graham was a single mother who lived in Texas. She was an artist, but found it 31 to support herself and her son. So in 1951, at the age of 17, she learned shorthand and typing, and got a job as a 32 .

At that time, typewriters used a carbon film ribbon(打字機(jī)色帶)，and it was hard to correct typing 33 on the paper. Graham found a 34 way. She decided that she would do what painters did to 35 their mistakes ― paint over them. She took her water-based paint to work, 36 a brush. She always made sure the paint matched the 37 of paper she was typing on.

Her boss never 38 the mistakes. When another secretary asked for some of her 39 correcting liquid, Graham found a bottle at home, wrote "Mistake Out" on a label, and gave it to her. 40 all the other secretaries in the building wanted some, too.

By 1956, Graham’s invention became so 41 that she turned her kitchen into a laboratory and made bottles of “Mistake Out” using her electric mixer. When 42 grew, Graham changed the name of “Mistake Out” to “Liquid Paper” and 43 a patent and trademark

By 1975, the company Liquid Paper 44 200 people, and was quite successful. Graham 45 the company four years later to Gillette for 46 $ 50 million.

In the late 1970s, Bette Graham 47 the Bette Clair McMurray Foundation to help women. She described herself 48 a “someone who wants freedom for 49 and everybody else.” She died on May 12, 1980, and left a huge 50 to be divided between her son and the foundation.

31.A. tough B. simple C. possible D. easy

32.A. manager B. writer C. secretary D. painter

33.A. signs B. letters C. mistakes D. words

34.A. cleaner B. better C. wider D. smoother

35.A. cross out B. get out C. throw away D. cover up

36.A. instead of B. because of C. along with D. away with

37.A. size B. color C. pattern D. quality

38.A. noticed B. remembered C. made D. presented

39.A. special B. clever C. direct D. famous

40.A. Late B. Soon C. Lately D. Nowadays

41.A. suitable B. popular C. bright D. effective

42.A. number B. damage C. complaint D. demand

43.A. applied for B. stand for C. look for D. pay for

44.A. served B. interviewed C. fired D. employed

45.A. enlarge B. change C. sold D. devoted

46.A. merely B. nearly C. hardly D. wholly

47.A. took over B. put off C. turned down D. set up

48.A. as B. into C. like D. of

49.A. oneself B. ourselves C. herself D. yourselves

50.A. fortune B. position C. company D. quantity

Ⅳ.閱讀理解(共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）

A

Students who say they never or hardly ever used dictionaries may speak English well but usually write poorly, because they make many mistakes.

The students who use dictionaries most do not learn especially well either. The ones who look up every new word do not read fast. Therefore they do not have time to read much. Those who use small two-language dictionaries have the worst problems. Their dictionaries often give only one or two words as translations of English. But one English word often has many translations in a foreign language and one foreign word has many translations in English.

The most successful students are those who use large college edition dictionaries with about 100,000 words but do not use them too often. When they are reading, these students first try to get the general idea and understand new words from the context. Then they reread and use the dictionary to look up only key words that they still do not understand. They use dictionaries more for writing. If they are not sure how to spell a word, they always use a dictionary. Also, if they think a noun might have an unusual plural form, they check this in a dictionary.

51.According to the passage, which of the following is WRONG?

A. Dictionaries have little effect on learning to speak English.

B. Whatever new words you meet while reading, never use dictionaries.

C. Small two-language dictionaries have serious shortcomings.

D. Reading something for the first time, you’d better not use dictionaries.

52.This passage mainly tells us .

A. that students shouldn’t use small two-language dictionaries

B. what were the shortcomings of small two-language dictionaries

C. why students should use large college edition dictionaries

D. what dictionary students should choose and how to use it

53.Which is NOT mentioned in this passage?

A. How to make good use of a dictionary. B. When to use a dictionary.

C. How to improve spoken English. D. How to practice reading fast.

B

When she looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb(全身麻木). She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now, at age 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast.

On that fourth of July morning in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense she could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her lone figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the cold sea, she struggled on ---- hour after hour ---- while millions watched on national television.

Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and her trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn't much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had … until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.

She told a reporter hours later, "Look, I'm not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land I might have made it." It was not tiredness or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.

Two months later, she tried again. This time, despite the same dense fog, she swam with her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land and this time she made it! Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the Catalina Channel, eclipsing(超出) the men's record by two hours!

54.Florence Chadwick was the first woman to swim across ________.

A. the English Channel B. the Catalina Channel

C. the California coast D. Catalina Island

55.Florence failed on her first trial mainly because of _______.

A. the sharks B. the tiredness C. the cold water D. the bad weather

56.The underlined word “then” in this passage refers to the period when _______.

A. she had swum nearly sixteen hours B. sharks swam toward her

C. she couldn’t see her support boats D. millions of people watched her on TV

57.We can infer from the passage that it was ______ that resulted in her success.

A. her family’s encouragement B. her iron will C. her swimming skills D. the good weather

C

The Museum of Childhood is spread over 4 floors, with the first floor acting like a balcony around the edge of the building, so you can look down over the ground floor central hall with the shop, Information Desk and Benugo Café.

The museum of Childhood is housed in a large Victorian building in east London. It has been on this site since 1872. It has undergone refurbishment (翻新) and reopened in 2006 and an elevator now makes all floors accessible.

This is not a quiet place and children are allowed to have fun here. Child safety is extremely important and a member of staff remains by the front door at all times. Also, note the “Code of Behavior” notice, which includes: children under 12 must be supervised by an adult; no eating in the galleries and no running.

Toy exhibits are in glass cases and there are plenty of low-level exhibits for younger children to see. The glass cases have lots of thought-inspiring questions on them to encourage discussion between adults and children. When you or the children need some quiet time, there are sofas at either end of the second floor with reading books available.

Pros: Many free activities for kids

Cons: Can be too warm inside

Visit Duration: 1.5 hours

Opening Hours: 10:00 a.m. ? 5:45 p.m. Last admission is 5:30 p.m.

The Museum is closed on 25 and 26 December and 1 January every year.

Admission: Admission the Museum is free. There is a small charge for some activities.

58.In the Museum of Childhood, _______.

A. people can reach any floor by elevator B. there are sofas at either end of the first floor

C. there are exhibits on the museum history D. the Information Desk can be found on each floor

59.The Museum of Childhood may be attractive to _______.

A. parents who only have children under 12 B. children who are fond of toy exhibits

C. parents and children who need quiet time D. kids who like playing games with their parents

60.What is the disadvantage of the museum?

A. Low-level exhibits are too boring. B. Children may feel slightly hot in it.

C. Parents have to stay with their kids. D. No staff members attend to the kids.

61.What information can we get about the museum?

A. All the activities for children are free. B. The museum is located in west London.

C. Children are allowed to enter after 5:30. D. The museum is unavailable on Christmas Day.

D

A quick look at the lengths of children’s index and ring fingers can be used to predict how well students will perform in education tests, new research claims.

Kids with longer ring fingers compared to index fingers are likely to have higher math scores than literacy or verbal scores in the entrance exam for primary school, while children with the reverse finger-length ratio are likely to have higher reading and writing, or verbal, scores versus(與......相對) math scores.

Scientists have known that different levels of the hormones testosterone(雄性激素)and estrogen (雌性激素) in the womb(子宮) account for the different finger lengths, which are a reflection of areas of the brain that are more highly developed than others, said psychologist Mark Brosnan of the University of Bath in Britain, who led the study.

Exposure to testosterone in the womb is said to promote development of areas of the brain often associated with spatial(空間的) and mathematical skills, he said. That hormone makes the ring finger longer. Estrogen exposure does the same for areas of the brain associated with verbal ability and tends to lengthen the index finger relative to the ring finger.

To test the link to children's scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test, Brosnan and his colleagues made photocopies of children's palms and measured the length of their index and ring fingers. They used the finger-length ratios as a proxy(參照指標(biāo)) for the levels of testosterone and estrogen exposure.

The researchers then looked at boys' and girls' test performances separately and compared them to finger-length ratio measurements. They found a clear link between high prenatal testosterone exposure, indicated by the longer ring finger compared to the index finger, and higher scores on the math SAT.

Similarly, they found higher literacy SAT scores for the girls among those who had lower prenatal testosterone exposure, as indicated by a shorter ring finger compared with the index finger.

62.It’s likely that if a Chinese child with a longer index finger than his ring finger, he will probably get good marks in ______.

A. math B. physics C. chemistry D. Chinese

63.The underlined word “reverse” in Paragraph Two probably means_______.

A. similar B. opposite C. indifferent D. strange

64.What can make your index finger longer than your ring finger according to the research?

A. Estrogen. B. Testosterone. C. Vitamin. D. Vegetables.

65.Which of the following statements is NOT correct in the passage?

A. A child with a longer index finger than his ring finger will fail in the math exam.

B. Girls with shorter ring fingers get higher literacy SAT scores.

C. Kids with longer ring fingers are likely to have higher math scores.

D. The length of the finger has something to do with hormones.

第二節(jié): 任務(wù)型閱讀

Phyllis、Chris、Dora、Fred 和William 準(zhǔn)備去市圖書館查閱資料。第66 至夜70 題是他們各自的情況介紹。閱讀下面六本參考書的簡介(A、B、C、D、E 和F)，選出符合各人需要的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有一項(xiàng)是多余選項(xiàng)。

_____ 66. Phyllis is a lecturer of English. Her recent research is mainly about the changes of the English language in the world. She is looking for a book that describes the varieties of English in different parts of the world, particularly in Africa and the Pacific.

_____ 67. Chris, a college student of biology, is preparing his term paper. While he is reading some research papers written in English, he comes across many new technical words. He wants to look up those words in a dictionary.

_____ 68. Dora plans to start her own business, but she needs to know more about how to run a business, such as how to choose qualified people, how to make a budget, and how to increase sales.

_____ 69. Fred is a senior student of English. For his term paper, he’ll write about the differences between British English and American English in spelling and usage. He is looking for a reference book.

_____ 70. William is a young researcher in the field of earth sciences. At present, he is writing a research paper on environmental protection for an English magazine. He wants to make sure his paper is written in the correct style.

A. Successful Executive’s Handbook

This book is an important resource to support businessmen, giving them useful suggestions about business management. A special section provides a comprehensive list of the best books, seminars and websites designed specifically for CEOs. The Handbook will help you: create a clear business vision; plan for self-development; attract & develop talent for your company; develop a global perspective.

B. Roget’s International Thesaurus

This dictionary features thousands of new words and phrases, including the newest slang words and expressions that color and inform everyday language. It includes more than 330,000 words and phrases organized into 1,075 categories, thousands of cross-references as well as hundreds of quotations that further explain the meanings of selected words.

C. A British-American American-British Dictionary

Easy to read，the dictionary explains clearly differences in vocabulary，usage, pronunciation, and spelling. It also explains the history of English language and how and why differences between American and British English arose. The most thorough book of its kind, it contains more than 2,500 entries of British and American English words.

D. Simon and Schuster Handbook for Writers

This is a self-instruction book for academic, personal, business, and public audience writing. The book covers writing college-level essays, source-based arguments, and research paper; thinking and reading critically; using documentation style correctly; designing documents; writing for the Web; writing for business, writing about literature, etc.

E. A Dictionary of the Roots and Combining Forms of Scientific Words

This dictionary is useful to students from many fields, particular1y those from medical and biological backgrounds. Within this book are over 12, 800 entries, plus some common terms for animals, plants and structures, activities and habitats; shapes, sizes, colors, textures, patterns, numbers , quantity, direction and location, etc.

F. The Story of English

The book offers a wide-ranging account of the travels and changes of the English tongue from its beginnings to tomorrow, from England to America to Australia to Africa and India and the Pacific. In this book, the authors paint a colorful, vivid picture of the many faces and varieties of English. It is a readable book that all public libraries should have.

V.書面表達(dá)（滿分20分）

中學(xué)生相互交流的途徑很多。請你圍繞“Ways to share opinions with each other”這一話題，按照下列要點(diǎn)寫一篇英語短文：

1．相互交流的途徑：討論、打電話、使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)等

2．我的做法及理由：……

注意：詞數(shù) 100 ~ 120，文章的開頭已給出（不計(jì)詞數(shù)）。

There are various ways for us middle school students to share opinions with each other.

附加題�。M分20分）

VI.課文填空（共10小題，每題1分，滿分10分）

根據(jù)所學(xué)課文內(nèi)容及所給單詞的首字母，寫出各單詞正確的完全形式。

A

In many ways my disability has helped me grow stronger p 71___ and become more independent. I have to work hard to live a normal life but it has been w 72 it. If I had a chance to say one thing to healthy children, it would be this: having a disability does not mean your life is not s 73 . So don’t feel sorry for the d 74 or make fun of them, and don’t ignore them either. Just accept them for who they are, and give them e 75 to live as rich and full a life as you do.

B

I was a 76 as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory(HVO) twenty years ago. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and e 77 the information, I help other s 78 to predict where lava from the volcano will flow nest and how fast. Our work has saved many lives because people in the p 79 of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. U 80 , we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground.

VII.短文改錯(cuò)

假如英語課上老師要求同學(xué)們交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的作文。文中共有十處語言錯(cuò)誤，要求你在錯(cuò)誤的地方增加、刪除或修改某個(gè)詞。

增加：在缺詞處加上一個(gè)漏字符號（∧），并在其下面寫上該加的詞。

刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。

修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫上修改后的詞。

注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及修改均僅限一詞；

2.只允許修改十處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。

Dear Mr. Donforth,

I’m writing to ask you come to our class for a visit. I’ve heard that you have been to Greece. In our Greece unit, we have been learning about it’s rich culture and long history. Since you have visited Greece several times, so I would like to know whether you have seen the old buildings here. We have learned a lot from the text book, but I believe you personal experience will be a lot of better. Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class. Could you share you experiences for us? It will be surely exciting and rewarding. I hoped that you think about my request and visit us as soon as possibly.

高二年級英語學(xué)科試卷評分細(xì)則

I.聽力(共10小題，每題1分，滿分10分）

1―5 ACBAC 6―10 ABBAC

II.單項(xiàng)選擇(共20小題，每題0.5分，滿分10分）

11―15 BABDD 16―20 ABACC 21―25 CBDCA 26―30 CABCD

III.完形填空(共20小題，每題1分，滿分20分）

31―35 ACCBD 36―40 CBAAB 41―45 BDADC 46―50 BDACA

IV.閱讀理解(共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）

51―55 BDCBD 56―60 ABABB 61―65 DDBAA 66―70 FEACD

V.書面表達(dá)（滿分20分）

One possible student version:

There are various ways for us middle school students to share opinions with each other. One way is to hold discussions, where we can freely exchange our views. We can also make use of the phone and the Internet. Making phone calls is very convenient, yet sending messages is more popular among us. Sometimes, we can send each other emails, in which more information can be included and we can express our opinions more clearly.

Personally, I think talking face to face is the best way to share opinions. In this way, I can express myself more comfortably. Meanwhile, I can sense how others feel and learn what they think. With the help of body language, I can make myself better understood.

附加題

VI. 課文填空(共10小題，每題1分，滿分10分）

71. psychologically 72. worth 73. satisfying 74. disabled 75. encouragement

76. appointed 77. evaluated 78. scientists 79. path 80. Unfortunately

VII.短文改錯(cuò)((共10處錯(cuò)誤，每處1分，滿分10分）

Dear Mr. Donforth,

I’m writing to ask you come to our class for a visit. I’ve heard that you have been to Greece. In our Greece

∧to

unit, we have been learning about it’s rich culture and long history. Since you have visited Greece several times,

its

so I would like to know whether you have seen the old buildings here. We have learned a lot from the text book,

去掉so there

but I believe you personal experience will be a lot of better. Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class.

your 去掉of knowledge

Could you share you experiences for us? It will be surely exciting and rewarding. I hoped that you think about my

with hope

request and visit us as soon as possibly.

possible

聽力原文

Text 1

M: Gardening's too much like hard work for me. If I have time to spare, I like to play tennis or go for long country walks.

W: Well, I think of gardening as play, not as work. I'm never as happy as when I’m busy in the garden.

Text 2

W: When is our plane to take off?

M: At half past five.

W: Oh dear! That only leaves us 15 minutes to go through customs and check our baggage.

Text 3

W: What a hot day! Do you always have weather like this in May?

M: Generally it's much better than this. And I can't remember when we had such a rainy day.

Text 4

W: To teach those students English, do you have to speak their language quite well?

M: No. quite the contrary. They benefit most when the class is organized entirely in the foreign language.

Text 5

W: Americans tend to think from the particular and small to the general and large.

M: For example?

W: We've just seen an example of this in the fact that they progress from personal and local matters to the state and finally the nation ― not the other way around.

Text 6

M: This machine drives me mad.

W: How come?

M: Well, most of the time, it's fine. I rent a movie and I put it in and press ON. But the other day, I wanted to program it, like, to record a show. So, I read the directions. And I followed them exactly, you know, step by step, but then, nothing. It didn't record.

W: Is there anything wrong with the machine?

M: With the machine? No. There’s something wrong with me. I’m no good with, like, electronic equipment.

Text 10

M: Good morning, and I'd like to welcome all of you to the University of North Carolina. This is the oldest public university in the United States, and we are proud to say that we offer one of the best public education opportunities anywhere in the nation. The school started in 1792, and has been open ever since, with the exception of having been closed for two years in the 1860s because so many young men left to fight in the Civil War. Following the war, the university opened its doors again and has been open ever since. In this century, the student number has been increasing rapidly, including women and small groups. Now we are looking forward to a bright future where students from all backgrounds attend this university. Thank you.

試題詳情

江蘇省大廠高級中學(xué)2008～2009學(xué)年高二第二學(xué)期綜合測試

數(shù)學(xué)試卷

試題詳情

高三化學(xué)攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全

實(shí)驗(yàn)安全是化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的重要內(nèi)容，因?qū)嶒?yàn)時(shí)常被忽視，使相關(guān)考題具有了一定難度。

●難點(diǎn)磁場

請?jiān)囎鱿铝蓄}目，然后自我界定學(xué)習(xí)本篇是否需要。

下列關(guān)于實(shí)驗(yàn)的基本操作及安全知識的敘述，正確的是(填序號)________。

A.將玻璃管折斷時(shí)，須將挫痕向外，拇指在內(nèi)，其余四指在外，用三分推力、七分拉力折斷玻璃管

B.附著于試管內(nèi)壁上的硫，可用熱堿液洗滌

C.干燥SO2時(shí)，可以將其通過盛有濃H2SO4的U型干燥管

D.切割白磷時(shí)，必須用鑷子夾取，置于桌面的玻璃片上，小心用小刀切割

E.實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，萬一酒精被打翻引起酒精燃燒，應(yīng)立即用濕布蓋住火焰

F.萬一金屬鎂失火燃燒，不可用CO2撲滅，但可用CCl4撲滅

●案例探究

[例題]在一定條件下用普通鐵粉和水蒸氣反應(yīng)，可以得到鐵的氧化物，該氧化物又可以經(jīng)過此反應(yīng)的逆反應(yīng)，生成顆粒很細(xì)的鐵粉。這種鐵粉具有很高的反應(yīng)活性，在空氣中受撞擊或受熱時(shí)會燃燒，所以俗稱“引火鐵”。請分別用圖43―1中示意的兩套儀器裝置，制取上述鐵的氧化物和“引火鐵”。實(shí)驗(yàn)中必須使用普通鐵粉和6 mol?L－1鹽酸，其他試劑自選(裝置中必要的鐵架臺、鐵夾、鐵圈、石棉網(wǎng)、加熱設(shè)備等在圖中均已略去)。

圖43―1

填寫下列空白：

(1)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行時(shí)試管A中應(yīng)加入的試劑是________；燒瓶B的作用是________；燒瓶C的作用是________；在試管D中收集得到的是________。

(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，U型管G中應(yīng)加入的試劑是________；長頸漏斗H中應(yīng)加入________。

(3)兩套裝置中，在實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)需要加熱的儀器是(填該儀器對應(yīng)的字母)________。

(4)燒瓶Ⅰ中發(fā)生的反應(yīng)有時(shí)要加入少量硫酸銅溶液，其目的是________。

(5)試管E中發(fā)生反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式是________。

(6)為了安全，在E管中的反應(yīng)發(fā)生前，在F出口處必須________；E管中的反應(yīng)開始后，在F出口處應(yīng)________。

命題意圖：考查學(xué)生區(qū)分并選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置完成化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、解決實(shí)驗(yàn)問題的能力。

知識依托：H2的制法、除雜、干燥及有關(guān)性質(zhì)，F(xiàn)e與H2O(g)的反應(yīng)，原電池原理，實(shí)驗(yàn)安全常識。

錯(cuò)解分析：不能區(qū)分兩套裝置而錯(cuò)解，不了解原電池原理而錯(cuò)解，不了解實(shí)驗(yàn)安全裝置而錯(cuò)解。

解題思路：有關(guān)反應(yīng)為：①3Fe＋4H2O(g) Fe3O4＋4H2↑，②Fe3O4＋4H23Fe＋4H2O，③Zn＋2HCl====ZnCl2＋H2↑。

題中兩個(gè)裝置圖，非常相似，因此具有一定迷惑性。由于圖(1)中長頸漏斗和燒瓶可產(chǎn)生H2，因而此裝置適合反應(yīng)②的發(fā)生(突破口)。所以A中放置的是Fe粉。那么B中必須盛水，且應(yīng)予以加熱，以產(chǎn)生水蒸氣，使①反應(yīng)發(fā)生。顯然，當(dāng)B中出氣不均，發(fā)生倒吸時(shí)，C的作用顯露出來：安全瓶。D中應(yīng)為H2。若用C來提供水蒸氣，則水蒸氣無法到達(dá)A中，因?yàn)閺腃向右裝置密封。

產(chǎn)生的H2中混有H2O(g)和HCl氣體是顯然的，G中應(yīng)加堿性干燥劑，為減少HCl的揮發(fā)，H中應(yīng)加稀鹽酸。制取H2時(shí)，加入CuSO4，活潑金屬與被置換出并覆蓋在其表面上的Cu形成原電池可加快產(chǎn)出H2的速率。

F處導(dǎo)出的H2，應(yīng)予以驗(yàn)純，否則點(diǎn)燃酒精燈加熱E，可能發(fā)生爆炸。

答案：(1)Fe粉用來產(chǎn)生H2O(g) 防止倒吸(或用作安全瓶) H2

(2)NaOH(s)(或堿石灰、CaO等堿性固體干燥劑) 6 mol?L－1 HCl(aq)

(3)A、B、E

(4)加快H2產(chǎn)生速率

(5)Fe3O4＋4H2=====3Fe＋4H2O

(6)收集并檢驗(yàn)H2純度點(diǎn)燃H2

●錦囊妙計(jì)

常見實(shí)驗(yàn)安全裝置有以下幾種：

1.防倒吸安全裝置

圖43―2

2.防堵塞安全裝置

圖43―3

3.防倒火安全裝置

圖43―4

4.防污染安全裝置

圖43―5

●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練

1.(★★★)進(jìn)行化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，必須注意安全，下列說法正確的是(填寫標(biāo)號)________。

A.不慎將酸濺到眼中，應(yīng)立即用水沖洗，邊洗邊眨眼睛

B.不慎將濃堿溶液沾到皮膚上，要立即用大量水沖洗，然后涂上硼酸溶液

C.如果苯酚濃液沾到皮膚上，應(yīng)立即用酒精洗

D.配制硫酸溶液時(shí)，可先在量筒內(nèi)加入一定體積的水，再在攪拌下慢慢加入濃硫酸

2.(★★★★)工業(yè)上生產(chǎn)鹽酸，必須先合成氯化氫氣體，生產(chǎn)中得到的氯化氫氣體中或多或少都會含有生成氯化氫的一種反應(yīng)物，將該混合物用蒸水吸收可得一定濃度的純鹽酸，此過程中逸出的氣體可以循環(huán)利用。

(1)寫出工業(yè)電解食鹽水制取H2和Cl2的化學(xué)方程式：________。

(2)工業(yè)上要得到純鹽酸并保障工人工作安全，如何合成氯化氫是關(guān)鍵的一步。則下列合成氯化氫氣體的方法能達(dá)到生產(chǎn)目的的是________。

A.點(diǎn)燃H2和Cl2的混合物，二者體積(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下測定)比為1∶1最合適。

B.點(diǎn)燃H2和Cl2的混合物，二者體積(同溫同壓下測定)比不應(yīng)為1∶1。

C.純凈的H2在過量的Cl2中安靜地燃燒。

D.純凈的Cl2在過量的H2中安靜地燃燒。

3.(★★★★)已知H2的爆炸極限是4.0%~74%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))。某H2中含有0.8%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))的O2，甲學(xué)生用它還原CuO，設(shè)計(jì)了如圖43―6所示裝置(夾持裝置已略去)：

圖43―6

請回答下列問題：

(1)實(shí)驗(yàn)開始，應(yīng)將酒精燈放在a管的________

A.左端 B.中間 C.右端

然后，使酒精燈緩緩向另一端移動，以保證CuO完全被還原。

(2)a管右端略向下傾斜的原因是_______________。

a管中石棉絨的作用是。

b管中Cu網(wǎng)的作用是。

(3)經(jīng)觀察黑色CuO已完全變?yōu)榧t色，能否表明CuO已完全被還原為Cu，為什么？

4.(★★★★★)1，2―二溴乙烷可作汽油抗爆劑的添加劑。常溫下它是無色液體，密度為2.18 g?mL－1，沸點(diǎn)為131.4℃，熔點(diǎn)為9.79℃，不溶于水，易溶于醇、醚、丙酮等有機(jī)溶劑。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中可以用如圖43―7所示裝置制備1，2―二溴乙烷。其中分液漏斗和燒瓶a中裝有乙醇和濃硫酸的混合液，試管d中裝有液溴(表面覆蓋少量水)。