6．Can you come with 　us　?(we)?

7．These skirts are 　hers　. Yours are over there.(she)?

8．Please take care of 　yourselves　, boys and girls.(you)?

9．I don't think this is my frisby, though it looks like 　mine　.(I)  ?

10．Look at 　those　 books. Are they yours?(that)

11．Is there anything interesting in the newspaper?  ?

12．She asked us to help each other.

13．The old man can neither read nor write.  ?

14．Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.  ?

15．Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.?

三、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換?

16、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.?

B: The children 　enjoyed　 　themselves　 in the zoo yesterday.  ?

17、A: He doesn't like mutton, and she doesn't, either.?

B: 　Neither　 he 　nor　 she likes mutton.

18、A: All the American people don't like sandwiches.?

B: 　Not　 　all　 the American people like sandwiches.  ?

19、A: They don't often hear the twins sing the song in the school.?

B: 　Neither　 of the twins 　is　 often heard 　to　 sing the song in the school.[ZK)] 

四、單項選擇?

(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only       .?

A. little  B. few  C. a little  D. a few  ?

(A)21、-Do you like Jane's new skirt??

-Yes, very much. I'll ask mum to buy        for me.?

A. one  B. it  C. the other  D. a  ?

(B)22、The color of her skirt is different from        of mine.?

A. one  B. that  C. it  D. this  ?

(B)23、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming.       like ball games.?

A. the others  B. others  C. the other  D. other  ?

(A)24、-I'll give the boys        to eat.?

-Oh, I know, fish and chips.?

A. something English  B. English something?C. anything English  D. English anything  ?

(D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy box??

-No, thanks, I can do it       .?

A. me  B. my  C. mine  D. myself  ?

(D)26、-What time shall we meet this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00??

-I don't mind.       time is OK.?

A. Neither  B. Each  C. Any  D. Either  ?

(C)27、-My bag is full, what about       ??

-       is full, too.?

A. you, Yours  B. his, He  C. yours, Mine  D. hers, She  ?

(D)28、-I've had enough bread, Would you like       ??

-No, thanks.?

A. a few more  B. one more  C. another more  D. some more  ?

(A)29、There are many trees on        sides of the river.?

A. both  B. either  C. neither  D. each

(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new,       is old.

A. the other  B. other  C. the others  D. others  ?

(C)2、Without the sun,       could grow in the world.?

A. anything  B. something  C. nothing  D. everything  ?

(B)3、       of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.?

A. All  B. Neither  C. Some  D. Both  ?

(B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?

-Look! This is a picture of       .?

A. it  B. one  C. two  D. some  ?

(B)5、There are not many pears here, but you can take       if you want to.?

A. few  B. a few  C. a little  D. little

二、形容詞 副詞

大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個等級：  原級：比較級： 比較...，更...一些   最高級： 最...

（A）1.構(gòu)成：(規(guī)則情況)情況 變 化 方 法 例 詞

單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞: 一般情況 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest

以字母e結(jié)尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest

重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母時 雙寫加er, est  big-bigger-biggest

以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾  變y為i加er, est early-earlier-earliest 

部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞 在詞前加more, most 　 slowly-more slowly-most slowly

    2.不規(guī)則變化，須熟記： good/well-better-best    many/much-more-most    far-farther-farthest

bad/badly/ill-worse-worst     little-less-least

   (B)常見的使用情況

 1.as … as … 和...一樣（中間用原級）   
2.not as(so) … as 和...不一樣（中間用原級）         

 3… than …. ..比...（用比較級）

4.有范圍修飾的用最高級    如:in, of, among或用從句修飾的

eg.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year.   ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .               

 5.比較級+and+比較級 意為“越來越….eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful             

 6. The+比較級，the+比較級 越…...就越…...   eg:The more, the better. 越多越好

 (C)注意點：1.形容詞最高級前一定要用the,副詞最高級前可省略。          

 2.可用much, a little, even, still等修飾比較級。        

            3.在比較級中為了避免重復(fù)，在than后常用one,that,those等詞來替代前面提到過的名詞。

eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.    

(D)掌握三種同義句轉(zhuǎn)換：

1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.      

2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.
=That film is more interesting than this one.       

3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.        

 Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs?  A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and

 此外，關(guān)于形容詞、副詞的內(nèi)容同學(xué)們還須掌握：

 1.形容詞修飾名詞作定語，跟在連系動詞之后作表語。         

 2.副詞修飾動詞、形容詞或其它副詞      enough屬例外詞：形/副+enough to do enough+名詞  
例如;She is old enough to go to school. 她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。                

 3.區(qū)別幾組易混淆的副詞: 也 too用于肯定、疑問句  also 較為正式書面語   either 用于否定句      已經(jīng) already 常用于肯定句、疑問句 yet 常用于否定句、疑問句        

 不再 no (not any) longer 從時間上講  no (not any) more 從動作上講    

 如此這樣 such 修飾名詞 eg: such a big box

 so 修飾形容詞、副詞 eg: so big       單獨、獨自 alone 作表語 =by oneself  孤獨的 lonely 可作表語、定語  eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)

 練習(xí)題  
1.The students are having a good time in the park.  Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.

A.Others  B. Other  C. Another  D.The other     

2.There isn't _____ in today's newspaper.    

A. important something   B. important anything  C. anything important   D. nothing important      

3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?

  -No,Mum. It's not ______. It's ______. A.hers, my  B. her, my  C. Mine, hers  D.hers, mine

4..The Changjiang River is the third __ river in the world. A.long  B.longer  C.longest  D.the longest        

5. An elephant is _____ than a horse.

 A.more strong  B. much stronger  C. the most strong  D. much more strong    

6. Which do you like _____, tea, orange or water?    A.good  B.Well  C. Better  D. Best

一、介詞      

1．與形容詞搭配的詞組有：  be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的氣）

  be away from （不在某地） be different from （與…不同）

  be good at （善于） be good/ bad for (對…有益/有害)      be interested in （對…感興趣） be late for （遲到）       be/get ready for （為作好準(zhǔn)備） be sure of (對…有把握)

  be worried about （為…感到擔(dān)憂）          

 2．介詞后常用人稱代詞賓格和動詞-ing形式  

  1)You must take good care of her.  2)Thank you for teaching us so well.          

 3．幾組易混淆的介詞 

 A． “在...之后” in + 一段時間（用于一般將來時）

   after + 一段時間（用于一般過去時）  after + 一點時間（常用于一般將來時） 

  如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.   

   The baby will stop crying in half an hour.  They will visit their teacher after Friday.                    

 B． for +一段時間   since +過去的一點時間

  這兩者均用于現(xiàn)在完成時，具體在時態(tài)部分，我會繼續(xù)向同學(xué)們講解。    

 C． be made of "用……制成"  be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”        

 D． in, on, at表時間    in “在某月(季節(jié)、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer

   固定詞組：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end

  on "用于指具體的某一天或?qū)Ｖ改骋惶焐衔�、下午或晚上�?quot;

   eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16

  at “用于具體時刻前和某些固定詞組中”

   固定詞組：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表時間里，下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介詞 。 如:不能說 in tomorrow ,只能說 tomorrow 在明天         

 E. except +賓格/doing something "除…之外” （不包括本身） 

  Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) =Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.        

 F． “用” 通過交通工具 by plane

  用語言 in English 通過媒介 on /over the telephone,  on /over the radio,  on TV

用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands           

 G． between “在~和~（兩者）之間”

  between...and...,  between the two... among 在...之間(三者或三者以上) 

eg.Sue spent over two hours ___ her homework yesterday evening.  A.on   B.with    C.at   D.over

二、連詞       

 1．并列連詞         both…and 既~又~謂語用復(fù)數(shù)動詞

  neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意義，（就近原則）謂語動詞由靠近它的那個主語來決定單復(fù)數(shù)。    either…or…   “或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…”

  and“和”  連接兩個并列成分,連接謂語時,兩個動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)一致。

  but “但是” 表轉(zhuǎn)折，不能與 though 同時出現(xiàn)在句中。

  or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列舉常用 or，而不用 and。  Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)      I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.              

 2．引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞

  陳述句：that 可省略 一般疑問句：if /whether “是否”     特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞          

 3．引導(dǎo)原因狀從的有：because (不能與so同時出現(xiàn)在句中)         

 4．引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞：

 A. when（當(dāng)…時候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為一般將來時，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時來代替一般將來時。 Eg: I won't leave until he comes back.

 B. since（自從…以來）引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般過去時。  Eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.

 C. while（當(dāng)…時候，一邊…一邊…）它引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句常用進(jìn)行時態(tài)。 

  Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.          

 5．引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞：  if   “如果”，引導(dǎo)條件狀從，主句用一般將來時，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時。請區(qū)別于if“是否”相當(dāng)于 whether，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，時態(tài)根據(jù)語境確定

  eg:1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿ (rain) tomorrow.

     2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.

     3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.

A.as   B.before   C.after   D.since

構(gòu)詞有法記無定法

1．合成法：note＋book→notebook，school＋yard→schoolyard，book＋mark→bookmark

2．派生法（即在詞根上加前、后綴記憶）：

en－（使……有）＋courage→encourage；inter－（one with another；face to face）＋view→interview；foreign＋er（人）→foreigner，play＋er（執(zhí)行動作的人）→player，sharpen＋er（執(zhí)行動作的物）→sharpener；library＋（y→i）an（人）→li?brarian；miss（v．）＋ing→missing（adj．），probable（adj．）＋（l）y→probably（adv．），sad（adj．）＋ly→sadly（adv．）；compose（v．）＋（e→i）tion→composition（n．），inform（v．）＋（a）tion→information（n．）

3．轉(zhuǎn)化法： know（v．）→knowledge（n．）

dictionary―words，umbrella―rain，library―book―shelf，kitchen―cook

abroad―in or to another country，overseas；interview―meeting with sb．

說說記憶單詞的方法

詞是構(gòu)成句子的重要元素，詞匯量的多少在英語學(xué)習(xí)中占有重要地位。今天我們講講怎樣記憶單詞。

五、初中階段還有一個很實用的記憶單詞的好方法就是根據(jù)音標(biāo)即單詞讀音來記單詞。只要你首先根據(jù)音標(biāo)把一個單詞讀準(zhǔn)、讀對，那么就可根據(jù)其讀音基本拼寫出該單詞。首先這要掌握一定的拼讀規(guī)則。比如“dirty”，根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們就能拼寫出d-ir－t－y（在非重讀音節(jié)中發(fā)［i］）。這種方法對于記憶字母較多的單詞尤其有效，如“contribution”，根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們可把它分成四部分來記憶：con－tri－bu－tion，這樣就能較快地記住單詞。

以系統(tǒng)的方式來學(xué)習(xí)記憶知識能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背單詞時我們一定要留心觀察，尋找詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，這樣將有助于我們記憶單詞�？傊�，只要我們掌握一些科學(xué)的方法，并用心去記憶，就一定能記住英語單詞。

合成形容詞

英語中有許多種形式的合成形容詞，僅在初中階段需要學(xué)習(xí)使用的就達(dá)九種。現(xiàn)分述如下：

1．?dāng)?shù)詞＋單數(shù)名詞。

如：20－minute 20分鐘的   It＇s 20－minute walk．步行20分鐘的路程。  second－class 二等的   That＇s the second－class room．  那是個二等房間。 500－word 五百字的

    This is a 500－word composition．  這是一篇五百字的文章。

2．?dāng)?shù)詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋形容詞。

如：8－year－old 八歲的   Mr Green has an 8－year－old child．  格林先生有個八歲的孩子。

3．?dāng)?shù)詞＋名詞的ed形式。如：three－legged 三條腿的   Tom bought a three－legged table yesterday．   昨天湯姆買了一張三條腿的桌子。

4．形容詞＋名詞。如：

 round－trip來回的；往返的   Do you need a round－trip ticket?  你想要一張往返的車票嗎？

part－time 非全部工作時間的；兼職的He found a part－time job．    他找到了一份額外的工作。

5．形容詞＋名詞的ed形式。

如：kind－h(huán)earted 好心的    Father Christmas is very kind－h(huán)earted．   圣誕老人的心腸非常好。

6．名詞＋過去分詞。如：man－made人造的

China has sent up many man－made satellites． 中國已發(fā)射了許多人造衛(wèi)星。

7．名詞＋名詞的ed形式。如：glass－topped帶有玻璃罩的

I want to own a glass－topped table．    我想要一張帶有玻璃罩的桌子。

8．副詞＋過去分詞。如：so－called所謂的

I don＇t like those so－called singers．    我不喜歡那些所謂的歌星。

9．副詞＋副詞。

如：so－so馬馬虎虎；不好不壞的    My English is just so－so．    我的英語很一般。．

Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a ______. (foreign)   前綴 例詞 派生詞 

un-“不” happy unhappy  like unlike  usual unusual   friendly unfriendly 

im-“不” possible impossible        后綴 例詞 派生詞  -er“人” teach/play/clean teacher/player/cleaner    drive driver（以e結(jié)尾，-r）  run runner（重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫-er) 

   win winner  travel traveller  -or“人” invent inventor   visit visitor                       

 -ly（副詞后綴）

  bad badly   quick quickly  careful carefully  happy  happily  

  deep deeply   lucky luckily   usual usually   noisy noisily  

  slow slowly   angry angrily  strong strongly  quiet quietly                 

 特例：      true - truly    terrible - terribly possible - possibly        

 -ful（形容詞后綴）  care  careful   help  helpful   use useful   forget  forgetful         

 -y （形容詞后綴）                           

  rain rainy   luck lucky   cloud cloudy   noise noisy（以e結(jié)尾，去e，加-y）

  snow snowy   sun sunny （雙寫，加-y）  wind windy               

 -ion（名詞后綴）     invent invention  operate operation             

 -ness（名詞后綴）    busy business  good goodness                

 一些特例：   

  動詞 形容詞           動詞 現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

  sleep asleep   boat boating   die dead   build building  

  enjoy enjoyable  begin beginning    cross crossing 

  名詞 形容詞  meet meeting  friend friendly  turn turning  

  south southern  shop shopping  wool woolen     

  danger dangerous  動詞 過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞   difference different  fry

 fried     worry worried  

  動詞 名詞   break broken    know  knowledge  lose lost 

  fly flight   please pleased    please  pleasure  colour coloured       

  名詞 名詞   動詞 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞

  farm  farmer 農(nóng)夫   follow following   interest interested“感興趣的” 只作表語，僅用于be interested in  develop interesting “有趣的” 可作表語和定語     developed “發(fā)達(dá)的”    developing “發(fā)展中的”         

 練習(xí)題  1、Lucy can write a letter___Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.

 A. from   B. to   C. in   D. with 

 2、They will have an English test___two days.   A. for   B. at   C. in   D. after

3、Wu Dong was born___the evening of April 2,1975. A. at   B. in   C. on   D. to      

 4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home.

 A. from, since   B. from, after   C. of, when    D. of , as      

 5、Tom didn't know___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.

A. how   B. weather   C. whether   D. what        

 6、His parents were _________ (happy) because he had failed the exam again.      

 7、Mrs. Green liked to stay _____ (safe) at the same place.     

 8、The_______ (visit) from France are going to visit our school this afternoon.        

 思考題         1、The farmer was___tired___he couldn't fall asleep.

 A. very…to   B. too…to   C. so…that   D.neither…nor  

 2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others.  A. but   B. and   C. if   D. or        

 3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it.  A. interesting, interesting   B. interested, interested

 C. interested, interesting    D. interesting, interested

重要的短語、句型和慣用法（一）

1. get on/off(the bus) 上/下車   get up 起床  get ready for 為...作準(zhǔn)備

get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服 get well (better) 身體好    get in 進(jìn)入，收集

get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb. 為某人買某物

get on well with sb/sth. 與某人相處很好，...進(jìn)展順利

2. have an accident 出事故       have a good time  =enjoy oneself 玩得很高興

  have a cold wet day 天氣又冷又濕      have a cough 咳嗽  have a drink(of)... 喝一杯...

have a talk 聽報告 have lunch 吃午飯  have...for lunch 午飯吃...

have a meeting 開會have no idea 不知道 have a rest 休息一下

3. make a mistake 犯錯誤 mistake A for B 把A錯認(rèn)為B

take sth. by mistake 錯拿某物
4. make friends with 與...交朋友

make faces 做鬼臉make a fire 生火  make an excuse 找籍口

  make a...sound 發(fā)...音  make tea 沏茶 make room for... 為...找出空間

make it 如期赴約 make a team 組成一個隊

 eg.Let's make it half past one.     注意：時間前不用介詞at       

5. turn sth. on/off 打開/關(guān)掉...  turn sth. up/down 把...音量開大/小

  注意：當(dāng)sth 是代詞時，常放中間

6. try sth. on 試穿（衣、鞋、帽）     注意：當(dāng) sth 為it或them, 常放中間try out 試驗、嘗試

  try one's best to do sth. 盡力干某事=do one's best to do sth.            

7. send sb. away 開除、解雇某人     send for sb. 派人去請某人 send up 發(fā)射            

8. hear from sb 收到...的來信   hear of 聽說         

9. hurry off 匆匆離去，趕快去  hurry up 趕快       
10. get to +名詞 get +副詞(不用to)  reach+名詞/副詞  arrive in/at +大/小地點 （后接副詞，不用at/in）

   eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai到達(dá)上海

eg. reach home、get home、arrive home 到家                 

11. teach sb. English 教某人英語    teach oneself=learn sth.by oneself 自學(xué)            

12.到...末為止 by the end of +過去時間 （用于過去完成時）

   by the end of +將來時間 （用于一般將來時）

   at the end of+地點 在...盡頭  in the end= at last 最后，終于            

13. hundreds of 成百上千   thousands of 成千上萬的   millions of 成百萬的           

14. be pleased to do sth 很高興地干某事   be pleased with sth. 為某事而高興            

15. be used for 被用來   be used as 被當(dāng)作   be used by 被...所使用

16. so far 到目前為止， 用于現(xiàn)在完成時    
17. on a Tuesday morning 一個星期二的早上

   on the morning of June 15th.1998 在1998年6月15日早上              

18. keep sb.doing sth. 讓某人一直干某事   keep doing sth. 繼續(xù)做某事

keep on doing sth. 持續(xù)不斷地做某事 
19. much too+形容詞／副詞原級 實在太...

 too much+不可數(shù)名詞 相當(dāng)多的...  eg. It's _______ expensive. I can't buy it.

There's ___________ rain this year. 
20. thanks to...由于，多虧

thanks to one's help=because of one's help 由于某人的幫忙  thanks for one's help 謝謝某人的幫助

21. be far away from＋a place/sb 遠(yuǎn)離某地

22. wear out 穿壞、穿舊、用盡 常用于被動語態(tài)。其P.P為worn

sell out 售完 賣完
23. two-month holiday=two months' holiday 二個月的假期

24. fall asleep 入睡（進(jìn)入狀態(tài)） get to sleep 入睡（還沒睡著）

25. stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事  eg. She stopped the child from listening.  stop doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事   stop to do sth. 停止下來干另一件事。 
26. hardly any +n. 幾乎沒有...  
27. quite a/an+形容詞＋名詞 一個相當(dāng)...eg. Two months is quite a long time.

   a very ＋形容詞+名詞eg. English is a very useful language.

28. be afraid of+名詞 害怕...   be afraid to+動詞 擔(dān)心、害怕...   be afraid that+從句 恐怕...

29.  so+形容詞 so strong so beautiful         such+形容詞+名詞(復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù))

    such beautiful pictures such nice smell     such + a/an+形容詞+名詞（單數(shù)）

    such an interesting story

30. feel like doing 想干某事  
31. be made/grown/produced

三個詞的被動語態(tài)都可解釋為“生產(chǎn)”

歸類: 機(jī)器一類→make(制造)

鹽.糖.絲綢→produce (經(jīng)機(jī)器加工生產(chǎn))   農(nóng)作物、水果→grow (人工種出來的)            

32. finish doing sth. 做完某事  be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事

 go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)干某事 be always doing 老是干某事

33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事 ...hope that...希望某人干某事,不可用hope sb.to do sth.

34. in surprise 驚奇地（作狀語）   be surprised at sb. 對某人的舉動感到詫異

  be surprised to do sth. 對做某事感到驚訝            

35. no space(room) to stand in 沒有站的地方、空間       
36. be angry with sb. 生某人的氣 agree with sb. 同意某人的觀點  with one's help 在某人的幫助下              

選擇題：   
1.They arrived ___ London___ a cold winter night.

A.at, in   B.in, on   C.at, on   D.in, at           

2.It's rather cold today.You'd better ___ more clothes before you go out.

A.put on   B.wear   C.to put on   D.to wear              

3.You must be very tired. Why not ___ a rest?

A.stop taking   B.stop to take  C.to stop taking   D.to stop to take

4.___, I've caught up with my classmates in my English studies.

A.Under his help  B.With his help   C.Under the help of him  D.With the help of him

5.Mother told me ____ in the sun.    A.not read   B.don't read   C.read not  D.not to read

6.Watching TV ___ is bad for your eyes.   A.much too  B.many too  C.too much  D.too many           

7.Those foreign visitors ___ our city the day before yesterday.

A.arrived   B.reached  C.reached to  D.got in

8.She asked me to help her ___ her Chinese.    A.at  B.with  C.for  D.on

9.Look ___ the words in the dictionary when you don't know ___ they mean.

A.up, what  B.up, that  C.for, that  D.for, what               

10.One after another, three of them ___.

A.fell asleep   B.got to asleep   C.went to asleep   D.were sleeping

完成句子： 
1.你想不想喝杯桔子汁？  Do you ______ ______drinking a glass of orange?           

2.小楊畢業(yè)離校以來，我們從未收到他的來信。

  We have never ______ ______ Xiao Yang since he _______ school for the last time.               

3.人們興建綠色長城是為了阻止風(fēng)將土刮走。

  People started to build the Great Green Wall ___ ___ it could stop the wind from ___ the earth away.

4.魏華把你錯當(dāng)成他的兄弟，是嗎？

  Wei Hua ________ you ______ his brother,didn't she?                      

思考題：
1.人造衛(wèi)星能用來向國外發(fā)送電視和廣播節(jié)目

  Man-made satellites can be ___ for ___ TV and radio programmes to foreign countries.         

2.多虧有了綠色長城，現(xiàn)在他們種的棉花比以前多得多了。

  ____ to the Great Green Wall, they can grow a lot ___ cotton than before.              

3.學(xué)生們相互交朋友，通常相處得很好。

  The students make friends ___ one another and usually ___ ___ well.                          

4.店主說你的尺寸的羊毛衫已售完了。

  The shopkeeper said the woolen sweaters ___ your size were ____.                 

重要的短語、句型和慣用法（二）

1.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)

 a.這是英語中常見的一種結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某地有某物”其含義為“存在有”。

eg.There are twenty girls in our class.have也解釋為“有”但是與there be有區(qū)別，它的含義是“所有，屬有”，其主語為某人。eg.I have a nice watch.          

 b.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的be動詞要和后面所跟名詞保持一致。                   

 c.There is a river near our school.否：There is not a river near our school.

問：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isn't.

劃⑴How many rivers are there near our school?   ⑵What's near our school?        

d.there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的一般將來時，同學(xué)們較難掌握，其正確形式為：there is going to be                  

e.反意疑問句的構(gòu)成：There is no water in the glass, is there?

①There is going to _____ a football match this afternoon.  A.have   B.watch   C.be   D.play

②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest.   A.be   B.have   C.be on   D.on

2.so,neither引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,為了避免和前一句話的內(nèi)容重復(fù)，英語中習(xí)慣用so,neither引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。 
a.So+be(助動詞，情態(tài)動詞)+主語。表示某人也是如此。

eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps.      So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.             

b.Neither+be(助動詞，情態(tài)動詞)＋主語，表示某人也不。

eg.Mother has never been to Japan.      Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either.

c.So＋主語＋be(助動詞，情態(tài)動詞)。表示果真如此(贊同), 請同學(xué)們與a.區(qū)別。

eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom.    B:So he is.=He is really in the class room.            

3.It's+時間+since動詞過去式。自從...起已有...時間了。

⑴It's two weeks since we met last.(自從我們上次見面已有兩個星期了)

⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自從我們離開北京已有多久了

4.祈使句+and (那么)...eg.Go straight on and you'll see a school.=If you go straight on, you'll see a school.               5.祈使句+or...否則...eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students.   =If you don't work hard, you'll fall behind the other

6. The+比較級...，the+比較級... 越...越...
eg.⑴The more, the better. 越多越好。

  ⑵The harder you work on it, the better you'll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。)

7.How do you like the film?  =What do you think of the film? (你認(rèn)為這部電影怎樣？)
8.What...do with...?怎樣對付...?怎樣處理...?

雖然中文為怎樣，我們絕不可照字面翻譯為how. 
eg.A:What have you done with the library book?    B:I've just returned it to the library.

9.I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦？   I don't know how to do. ×

10.What...be like?...是什么樣的？ 
eg.⑴What's the weather like? 天氣如何？⑵What's your school like? 你們學(xué)校是什么樣的？

11.What...for?為何目的？為什么？eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab?

12.one of +最高級＋復(fù)數(shù) 最...之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers.

13.find it +形容詞+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我發(fā)覺學(xué)好英語是很有用的)

   find +賓語 +名詞eg.I find him a good boy. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是個好男孩.)

   find +賓語 +形容詞

eg.I find the door open/closed. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)門開/關(guān)著)  I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的包裝滿了禮物)

14.I don't think+肯定句 我想...不   eg.I don't think I'll take it. (我想我不買它了)

請注意:中文意思否定在從句中,但是英語的表達(dá)否定在主句中。

15.prefer A to B=like A better than B 更喜歡A不怎么喜歡B.

eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken

16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.

特別注意:had better后面跟be動詞詞組,不可漏掉be.eg.You'd better catch a train.

You'd better not talk in class.You'd better not be late for the class.

17.It is good (nice)of+賓格+to do sth.

eg.It is very good of you to teach me English. (你教我英語真是太好了)

18.It takes sb. some time to do sth.(干某事化費某人多少時間)
=sb.spend some time on sth. (in) doing sth.eg.It took me half an hour to do the work.

=I spent half anhourin doing the work.

19.sb.pay 錢 for 物 某物化費了某人多少錢=sb.spend 錢 on 物  =物 cost sb.錢 , pay的過去式為paid 而不是payed.     eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat.  =I spent thirty yuan on the coat.

  =The coat cost me thirty yuan. 20.have been to 某人曾去過某地,現(xiàn)在人不在那兒

sb.have been in +地點 某人呆在某地(一段時間)      have gone to 某人已去某地,人不在這兒

21.⑴ too…形容詞(副詞)+to…"太…而不能" "太…以致于不"

eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 這籃子太重我拿不動。   ②This colour TV is too expensive for us to buy. 這臺彩電對我們來說太貴了，買不起。

⑵so...that 如此...以致于...上面的too...to結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，可以換成so...that 引導(dǎo)的句子轉(zhuǎn)換。①The basket is so heavy that I can't carry it.      ②This colour TV is so expensive that we can't afford it.                      

22.What's the population of ...? ...人口有多少？    不說How much population in...?形容人口數(shù)量的大用large    eg.The population of China is ten times as large as that of the USA

23.I've come to return your pan. (我跑來是還你鍋的)    →Why have you come? 而不用What

24.not...until (連詞)方才，才   
eg.He says that he won't be free until tomorrow.他說他需到明天方才有空。      肯定句＋until 到

eg.You'd better wait until tomorrow. (你最好等到明天)

25.neither...nor... 既不...也不...        either...or... 或者...或者...

eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word "hundred".

  Either you or she is right. (謂語動詞就近原則)

  both...and... 兩者都... eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One (主語看作復(fù)數(shù))

 練習(xí)題：        
1.-Where is Mary? -Oh, she _____ the librory.    

A.has gone to   B.went to   C.has been to    D.had gone to

2.He knew little about the film ____ he saw it yesterday evening.

  A.if   B.since   C.until    D.because

3.I____ change his mind. Don't worry, He'll surely come to get it. 

 A.think he won't   B.think he will    C.don't think he won't  D.don't think he will

4.- _____do you_____ the TV play?    - Not bad, I think.

 A.How;think of B.What;like C.How;like D.What;think

5. I _____ have a good time _____ the party.

 A.hope you will;at   B.like you; on    C.hope you to ;in   D.want you that; from

 完成句子：

1.中國有多少人口，中國的人口大約是世界人口的四分之一。   _____ the population of China?

It's about _____ ______ of the world's population.

2.門鈴一直響著，直到門被林濤打開才停。

 The doorbell ______ _____until the door was opened by Lin Tao.

3.午飯后他休息了一會兒，我也休息了一會兒。

 He had a short rest after lunch, and ______ ______ I.            

4.史密斯夫婦離開他們的家鄉(xiāng)已有十多年時間了。

 ______ more than ten years ____ Mr and Mrs Smith left their home town.

5.公共汽車?yán)飻D得幾乎連站的地方都沒有.

 The bus was_____ crowded that there was hardly ______ standing room in it.

思考題：

1、做飯花了她半個小時。 It ___ ____ half an hour ___ ___ some cooking.

=I ______ half an hour _______ some cooking.

2、你真好，經(jīng)常在數(shù)學(xué)上幫助我。  It’s really nice _____ you to ____ me _____ my ______.

3、Lily跑得不快，贏不了比賽。

 Lily ______ run quickly _____ ______ _____ the race.=Lily ____ ____ ___ ___ ____the race.

4、在美術(shù)課上做一張教師節(jié)卡片怎樣？

 _____ ____ _____ a Teachers’ Day card ____ the art lesson?

5、足球是我校最受歡迎的運動項目之一。

 Football is ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ games in our school.

Have 的兩種特殊句型

    have是英語中最活躍的動詞之一，它與不同的詞搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting（開會），have a rest（休息），have a class（上課）等。你可知道have構(gòu)成的兩種特殊句型嗎？不看不知道，一看就明了。

1．have＋賓語＋省略to的動詞不定式

該句型中作主語的“人或物”讓作賓語的“人或物”去做某事。此時的賓語與省略to的不定式（賓語補足語）之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：I would have you buy a new bike．    我想讓你買輛新自行車。We can＇t have the car stop．  我們無法讓汽車停下來。

2．have＋賓語＋過去分詞

該句型中作主語的“人或物”讓作賓語的“人或物”被……。此時的賓語與過去分詞（賓語補足語）之間有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。如：    I＇ll have my hair cut tomorrow．

我明天要理發(fā)。They have just had their car repaired．他們剛找人把車修理了一下。

 注意：大多數(shù)情況下，這兩種句型之間可以互換。如：

 1）He had me wash the table cloth．→He had the table cloth washed．

2) The man had the bike mended．→ The man had someone mend the bike．

練習(xí)：根據(jù)漢語意思，完成英語句子，每空一詞。

1．你應(yīng)該找人建一座房子。

 You should have someone＿＿＿＿＿a house．  You should have a house＿＿＿＿＿．

2．現(xiàn)在我們請下一位演講者到前面來。 Now we＇ll have the next speaker＿＿＿＿＿to the front．

 3．你必須讓人把這些書送到教室去。

You must have these books＿＿＿＿＿ to the classroom

情景交際英語（一）

1.問候：  ⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening.  Hello/Hi.  How do you do ?

Nice to meet you.    B:回答相同      ⑵A:How are you?    B:Fine, thank you.And you?   Very well,thank you.

2.介紹： ⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student.

3.告別 A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.

B:回答相同4.感謝和應(yīng)答  表示感謝 通�；卮�

Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK.    Many thanks. That's all right.

Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.

5.祝愿、祝賀和應(yīng)答 
⑴A:Good luck!     Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey.  Congratulations!      B:Thank you.
⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you.

⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.

6.道歉和應(yīng)答  A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you.   B:It doesn't matter.  
It's not important.   That's nothing.

7.遺憾和同情  What a pity!I'm sorry to hear that.    
8.邀請和應(yīng)答   A:Would you like to … ?   B:Yes, I'd love to.   
9.提供幫助和應(yīng)答

 A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike.

 Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please.  No, thanks.

 That's very kind of you.

10.請求允許 ⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...?   B:Yes/Certainly/Of course.  Yes, do please.   OK/All right.     ⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window?  B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.

11.表示同意和不同意

(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK.

   That's a good idea.  I agree with you.

(2):No, I don't think so.    I'm afraid not.    I really can't agree with you.

12.表示肯定和不肯定   1: I'm sure. I'm sure that...       2: I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.     
13.喜歡和厭惡  1: I like /love...(very much) I like /love to...    2: I don't like to... I hate to ...      
14. 問時間、日期的應(yīng)答  A:What day is it?

B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.

A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...

15.請求 (1): Can/could you...for me?  Will/would you please do sth.?  May I have...?

(2): Please give/pass me...   Please wait (here/a moment).    Please wait for your turn.   Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.

16.勸告和建議  1:You'd better...  You should...  You need to...

2:Shall we do sth. ?  Let's do sth. .  What/How about doing sth. ?  回答: OK. Good idea.

17.禁止和警告  1:You mustn't play on the road.    If you ... you'll ...

2:Take care.=Be careful. 
18.表示感情  A:喜悅 Great!That's nice.

I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦慮 What's wrong?    What's the matter with you?I'm/He's/She's worried.    Oh, what shall I do?  C:驚奇 Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?

19.約會  A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?

  Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate?

B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then.    All right.See you then.

20.語言困難  Pardon?Please say that more slowly again.

What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English.

21.表示稱贊：  A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.

22.常見的標(biāo)志和說明

BUSINESS HOURS    NO PHOTOS    OFFICE HOURS    THIS SIDE UP    OPEN  CLOSED   PULL  PUSH  EXIT    ENTRANCE    營業(yè)時間 禁止拍照 辦公時間 這邊向上  開 關(guān)

1.-Would you like to go to the zoo with us? ____. 

A.Yes, please.   B.That's true.    C.Yes, I'd love to.   D.Quite well.                    

2.-I've done quite well in the exam this term.   -___        __.

 A.I don't know.   B.Congratulations.     C.So do I.    D.Go on, please.

3.If your friend tells you that he is ill, you may say"_         __" 

 A.Excuse me.      B.I'm sorry to hear that.   C.It doesn't matter.     D.I don't think so.

 4.-Have a good journey, Alice.   A.All right   B.Thanks a lot.    C.Very good    D.Much better

 5.The sign"THIS SIDE UP" is often seen ____.

A.on a box    B.in the street    C.in a cinema    D.in a park

 思考題：           
1.-Thank you for your help. -__             ___

A.All right.      B.That's all right. C.That's right.   D.It's very kind of you.

2.-Do you mind if I close the window?  -____            __

A.No, I mind.    B.Yes, I don't mind.  C. No, not at all.    D.Yes, I'm afraid not.

3.-Help yourself to some apples.-__   A.I don't like it.     B.Sorry, I can't help it.

C.Never mind.       D.Thank you very much.

4.-Tom will take care of our cat while we're away. -____

A．Fine, thank you.     B.I'll do it myself.   C.That's very kind of him.     D.It doesn't matter.

5.-You speak English quite well. -__             __

A.I don't think so.       B.You don't say so.  C.No, I don't speak well.    D.Thank you.  

動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)的綜合運用

確定正確的時態(tài)

 1.根據(jù)時間狀語確定時態(tài).時間狀語與時態(tài)有著密切的關(guān)系.

a. I ________ (write) now.     b. I ______(lose) my pen yesterday.

c. We ___________ (study) English for two years.

 2.根據(jù)上下文來確定時態(tài)  

 有些句子沒有明顯的時間狀語,又不能用時態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)則來對照,這時就可以根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容來判斷時間關(guān)系,確定正確時態(tài). A.Where are the twins?    B.They ______ (go) to visit Uncle Wang.            

 3.根據(jù)主從句的關(guān)系來確定時態(tài).           4.根據(jù)語言習(xí)慣來確定時態(tài)

*1.come,go,leave 等趨向性動詞的進(jìn)行時可用來表示即將發(fā)生的動作.

*2.永恒的真理和客觀存在的狀態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時.

*3.祈使句中,或在情態(tài)動詞,助動詞后,謂語動詞用原形

Don't _____ (read)in the sun , will you?  You'd better _____ (stay)at home since it's raining outside.

 注意所填動詞的語態(tài)

 Today both basketball and volleyball _________(play) in many countries.        

確定動詞的形式

 1. be busy,what about等后用動詞的-ing 形式.  2.在介詞后一般應(yīng)用動詞的-ing 形式.          

 3.在 keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等動詞后采用動詞的--ing 形式.      

 4.在動詞 decide,hope,wish,hate 等動詞后應(yīng)用動詞不定式作賓語,而在ask, tell,want,teach 之后則用動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),即 “ask sb. to do sth.”的形式

5.在see,hear,watch,make,let等后面作賓語補足語的動詞不定式應(yīng)省略動詞不定式符號“ to”, 但在被動句中, 應(yīng)添上"to".      

 6.在 It‘s time(for sb.)to do sth. It's kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth.

It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中, 動詞不定式短語作句子真正的主語.

 7.疑問代詞/副詞 (why 除外) + to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu),可在句中作主語, 表語和賓語.         

練習(xí)題：

  1.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ________(blow) the earth away.          

  2.Mr Smith kept on _____ (ask) the players to remember-----TEAMWORK

3.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know how ____ (do) the problem.

4.The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him ______ (carry) it for her.

  5.用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave,look的適當(dāng)形式填空:

(1).WangHai is a good comrade.He always does his best ________others.

(2).Dig the hole big enough,or the trees can’t ___________well .

(3).It's time for class.Let's stop _______to the teacher.

(4).Her face turned red when she _______ to sing a song for all of us.

(5).She is older than Mary but ________much younger.

(6).--I can't find my keys.--Maybe you ___________ them at home.

(7).We waited in the next room while they ____________a meeting.

(8).Hurry up.You __________the train if you don't.

思考題：    

用 send,show,turn,cost,write,fly,get,stop,see,do,hear,go 的適當(dāng)形式填空

  1.____ you ___ each other since you left school ten years ago?           

  2.What ___they ___at 8:00 yesterday evening.     

  3.The Smiths are getting ready ___to Australia for their holdiay.        

  4.The beautiful jacket___too much , doesn't it?        

  5.Lucy and Lily were playing cards when they ___ a loud knock at the door.           

  6.The radio says the rain ___later on.          

  7.The boy ___to hospital as soon as the traffic accident happened. 

  8.Today films___in English everywhere in the world.

    9.It's summer now.The days___longer and the nights shorter.

   10.Mother ___ to Shanghai and she'll be back in a week or so.               

動詞的時態(tài)（上）

A:一般現(xiàn)在時?通常表示目前階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

結(jié)構(gòu) ：1）be動詞的第一人稱單數(shù)為，第三人稱單數(shù)為，其他人稱為。

有一順口溜體現(xiàn)了它的用法： 我是am你是are ，is跟著他她它, 復(fù)數(shù)都用are

肯定式:主語+ am /is/are +其他   否定式:主語+ am/is/are +not + 其他

疑問式:Am /Is /Are + 主語+ 其他?簡略回答: (肯) Yes,主語 + am/ is /are

(否) No,主語 + am /is/are not縮寫形式: I'm == I am That's ==That is

We're ==We are What's== What is    You're == You are Who's == Who is

They're ==They are Where's ==Where is     He's ==He is isn't==is not

She's ==She is aren't==are not     It's == It is

2）行為動詞除主語是第三人稱單數(shù)外，都用動詞原形，主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，在動詞 詞尾加-s或-es   肯定式:主語+動詞原形/動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)  ， 否定式:主語+助動詞 don't/doesn't +動詞原形+其他        疑問式:Do/Does+主語+動詞原形+其他          簡略回答:(肯)Yes,主語+do/does       (否)No,主語+do/does not         縮寫形式: don't == do not    doesn't ==does not

注意：have的第三人稱單數(shù)為has

用法： 1.表示事實,現(xiàn)狀,性質(zhì)或經(jīng)常的,習(xí)慣的動作,常與often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等時間狀語連用,    eg. He has a brother.     2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun. 

3.表示在現(xiàn)在時間里所發(fā)生的一個動作 .   eg. Here comes the train.

4.在時間和條件狀語從句中代表一般將來時 .   eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow.

B:一般過去時?表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，一般過去時通常由動詞的過去式表示。

肯定式:主語+動詞的過去式 + 其他        eg. I got up at six this morning.

否定式:主語 + did not + 動詞原形 + 其他       eg.John didn't live here last year. 疑問式:Did + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 其他     eg.Did you see him a moment ago?

簡略回答.(肯)Yes, 主語 +did     (否)No , 主語 + didn't.

 用法 ：1.主要用于過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài).   eg.My father was at work yesterday.

2.表示過去經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的動作,常與often,always 等表示頻度的時間狀語連用.

    eg.He always went to work by bus last summer.

3.和when等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句連用.   eg.When she reached home, she had a short rest.

4.常與表示過去的時間狀語, 如… ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等連用.     eg.They began the work two months ago.

Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.

C:一般將來時?表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) 

  結(jié)構(gòu)： 助動詞shall/will + 動詞原形（當(dāng)主語第一人稱時，一般用shall，當(dāng)主語為第三人稱時，用will，但主語為第一人稱時，也用will   肯定式:主語+shall/will+動詞原形+其他

否定式:主語+shall/will+not+動詞原形+其他.

疑問式:Shall/Will+主語+動詞原形+其他 簡略回答:(肯)Yes,主語+shall/will .

(否)No,主語+shall/will+not … 縮寫形式: 'll ==shall/will

shan't== shall not    won't == will not
用法: 1.表示將要發(fā)生的動 作或情況,常用時間狀語有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等.    eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year.

Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005.

2.表示某種必然的趨勢  eg. Fish will die without water.
解析： 1.在以第一人稱為主語的問句中,常用 shall 表示提議和詢問情況,在以第二人稱作主語的問句中,用will 表示請求.    eg. Where shall we have the meeting?

        Will you please lend me your pen?

2.當(dāng)主語是第一人稱時,用will 表示意愿.決心.允諾.命令等.

eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.

3.在時間或條件狀語從句中,一般用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時.   eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there.     4.be going to +動詞原形也可表示將來時.

(1).表示主觀意愿.打算等. eg. He's going to learn English next term.

(2).根據(jù)已有跡象,可能要發(fā)生的情況  eg. Look at the black clouds!  ----It is going to rain.

D:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時?表示目前或目前階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。

結(jié)構(gòu)： am/is/are + 動詞的-ing形式

用法： 1.表示目前發(fā)生(進(jìn)行)的動作(不指狀態(tài)),常用時間狀語有:now,at the moment 等,并常出現(xiàn)在祈使句的句子中,與 look, listen連用.

eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment?   Listen! She is singing in the next room.

2.表示目前階段正在進(jìn)行,而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動作.  eg. They are planting trees these days.                   

3.表示按計劃或安排即將進(jìn)行的動作,表示這種動作的動詞有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常與表示將來時間的狀語連用.  eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.                    

注意: 某些表示感覺或狀態(tài)的動詞,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時. eg. Lucy prefers art to science.

練習(xí)題：

1.Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center ___ .  a.once a week   b. in a week   c. next week   d. for a week            2.Be quiet! The baby ________ (sleep) in the next room.

3.Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he ______ (meet) her in her office tomorrow. 

4.The bell for the class rang while they ___________ (play) on the playground.

5.Lucy said it ___________ (rain) later on.

思考題:

1.The Chinese people ____(work) hard to make their country stronger and more beautiful.

2.He'll write to you as soon as he _____ (arrive ) in Hainan.  3.The students of Class One ___(have)a meeting from three to five yesterday afternnon.

4.The sky is black. It ____ (rain), I'm afraid.     5.If it ___(not snow)tomorrow,we'll go skating 

6.Mr and Mrs Green____(travel)to the south of China next week,aren't they? 7.I___(not see)the film with you because I've seen it already.  8.He told us that he_____(stay)here till the next week.    9.I_____(lose)my pen this morning. I haven't found it yet.

動詞的時態(tài)（下）

G:現(xiàn)在完成時?表示到目前為止已經(jīng)完成，并對現(xiàn)在留下某種后果和影響的動作。

結(jié)構(gòu)：助動詞have/has + 動詞的過去分詞

用法:
1.表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,常與一些時間狀語,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等連用,也可以和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時間狀語,如these days,today,this year,so far等連用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已經(jīng)不在我這兒了)                  

2.表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還將繼續(xù)下去,可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間的狀語連用,即for +時間段,since+時間點/從句, in the last ten years等,謂語只可用延續(xù)性動詞.

  解析：  1.英語動詞根據(jù)詞義可分為兩種,一種是延續(xù)性的,一種是終止性的,終止性動詞(也可稱為非延續(xù)性動詞,瞬間動詞,或點動詞),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示動作的發(fā)生與結(jié)束于一瞬間完成,不能再延續(xù),所以它的現(xiàn)在完成時不能和表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用,即不能與表示一段時間的狀語,for+時間段, since+時間點/從句連用,也不能用在how long引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句中.

 eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×)    I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).

I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ )     It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )  

2.初中英語課本中常見終止性動詞有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.終止性動詞要表示持續(xù)時, 可用以下方法:                

⑴.將時間狀語改為時間段 + ago,句中謂語動詞用一般過去時.

eg.我弟弟參軍兩年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.               

⑵.若保留for+時間段,since+時間點/從句, 或用在 how long 句型中,則需將終止性動詞改為相應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動詞或延續(xù)性動詞                      

常見終止性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞(或狀態(tài)動詞)的對應(yīng)關(guān)系如下

come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open

die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep   begin/start-----be on put on----wear

leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep

end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold

join the army----be in the army be a soldier     join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member

→My brother has been in the army for two years.   →My brother has been a soldier for two years.

3.現(xiàn)在完成時中been to,gone to和been in/at been to去過某地,表示某人的一種經(jīng)歷,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never等連用.    eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在這里)               

gone to 去某地了,說話時某人已離開此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,

eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示現(xiàn)在她人不在這里)               

been in/at 逗留在某地(已經(jīng)一段時間).常和for ten days,since I came here等連用.

eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.                 

4.現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時所表明的是過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響,強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,不可以和表示過去的時間狀語yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等連用一般過去時表明的是過去發(fā)生的事實,和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系.             

5.現(xiàn)在完成時中的 for 與 since

for + 時間段 與延續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時連用       since + 時間點/從句

I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.              

  6. It is /has been +一段時間 + since 從句.自從某事發(fā)生已有一段時間了.  eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引導(dǎo)的從句中動詞用過去時

2.when 引導(dǎo) 的特殊問句不與現(xiàn)在完成時連用.

3.have got,has got 雖然是現(xiàn)在完成時,但have got=have has got==has

 練習(xí)題:       1.It's a long time since we ____ (meet) last,isn't it?

  2.--I know you _______ (choose) a picture book among these.  --Yes,Have a look at it, please. 

3.So far,spaceships without people _______ (reach) the moon and some other partsof the universe. 

  4.My father____ home for nearly three weeks.

A.has gone away from      B.has left   C.has been away from      D.went away                

5.Mr and Mrs Green have_____in China for a week. A.been   B.got   C.arrived   D.reached            

  6.--Where's Mary? --Oh,she _____the library.

A.has gone to    B.went to     C.has been to      D.had gone to

 H:過去完成時?表示過去某一時間或動作之前已完成的動作

 結(jié)構(gòu)： 助動詞had + 動詞的過去分詞

  用法： 1.表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,動作發(fā)生的時間為“過去的過去“.表示過去某一時間可用by,before 等構(gòu)成的短語,也可用when,before等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過上下文表示.   eg. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words.

  He had finished his homework before his father came back last night.                

  2.表示過去某個時間之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài), 一直延續(xù)到這一過去時刻,或還將繼續(xù)下去.  eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.(注意) 否定式 had not == hadn't

時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)

  1.主句中謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)�來時,從句中的謂語動詞可以用任何所需要的時態(tài),  he wants to speak to the headmaster.   He said that he won't be free tomorrow.    he came last night.

  2.主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時態(tài),從句中的謂語動詞一般情況下要用過去時態(tài)的某種形式.     He said that he was working hard on his Chinese.

he had a very good journey home.     he hadn't bought the present yet.

he would stop in Moscow on the way. 3.如果從句所述內(nèi)容是客觀真理,則謂語動詞總是用一般現(xiàn)在時,而不受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響.

eg. Miss Gao told us that light travels much faster than sound.             

  4.時間或條件狀語從句中,若主句是一般將來時或祈使句,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時.

  eg.Stop talking when the headteacher ______(walk)into the classroom.

  Jim won't watch TV until he ___ (finish) his homework every time.           

  練習(xí)題：  1.They were so pleased to see each other that they almost ____ (forget) everything else around.     2. The girl put on her dress and then _______ (go) to the mirror to look at herself.  

思考題：   1.I____(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use yours?             

  2.Who's Jack London? I ___ never ____ (hear) of that man before.               

  3.I'm afraid I ___ (keep) you waiting for such a long time.               

  4.--Where ___ you___ (be)?   --I'm looking for you all the time. 

   5.____they____ (know) each other when they were young?                 

  6.The baby will cry if she ___ (not see) her mother

動詞的語態(tài)

動詞的語態(tài)---表示謂語與主語之間的關(guān)系的動詞形式叫做語態(tài)，分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。

主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者

結(jié)構(gòu):1.行為動詞的被動語態(tài): 助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞.

be有人稱.時態(tài).數(shù)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣.

 一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are+及物動詞的過去分詞      一般過去時 was/were +及物動詞的過去分詞

一般將來時 will +be +及物動詞的過去分詞   現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has+been+及物動詞的過去分詞            

2.情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài): 情態(tài)動詞 + be +及物動詞的過去分詞

 否定式:是在助動詞 be 或情態(tài)動詞后加not構(gòu)成

疑問式:是把上述助動詞或情態(tài)動詞提到主語之前,句尾加問號構(gòu)成.             

用法: 1.不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰,或沒有必要或不想指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者.

 eg. The window was broken yesterday.  Is English taught in your school?           2.強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者,此時如想同時指出動作的執(zhí)行者,可用“by +動作執(zhí)行者(賓格)來表示.

 eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.

    注 意點：  1.只有及物動詞能構(gòu)成被動語態(tài), 不及物動詞不能構(gòu)成被動語態(tài).                    

2.某些不及物動詞與介詞.副詞搭配構(gòu)成短語動詞,帶有賓語時,則有了動作的承受者,這時應(yīng)把它們看作一個整體,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),不能丟掉其中的介詞,常用的有l(wèi)ook after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.      

3.有些動詞短語本身即是被動語態(tài)的形式, 不要再加by 短語,常用的有

be covered with be surprised at      be interested in be worried about  be made of/from be known to

4.某些動詞形式是主動語態(tài),但含有被動的意思.   eg. This dictionary sells well.

 This kind of car drives fast.      The woolen sweater costs $ 88.

  5.主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的相互變化關(guān)系

 主動句: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語(動作執(zhí)行者) (動作承受者)

被動句: 主語 +謂語動詞的被動形式+ by + 動作執(zhí)行者  (動作承受者)

 1）主動句如何變?yōu)楸粍泳?

 a.找到動作的承受者(常為主動句的賓語)作被動句的主語.b.找到謂語變?yōu)閎e + 過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu).

c.找到動作的執(zhí)行者(常為主動句的主語)作 by 的賓語.若不必指出動作的執(zhí)行者,可省去 by 短語.  d.確定be動詞的時態(tài).數(shù). 例如: She makes the beautiful kites.

The beautiful kites are made by her. (被動句)

 2）被動句如何變?yōu)橹鲃泳?  a.找到動作的執(zhí)行者(常為被動句的賓語)作主動句的主語.

b.找到be+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還原為及物動詞原形.

c.找到動作的承受者(常為被動句的主語)作主動句的賓語.

d.確定及物動詞的時態(tài).數(shù)(注意)在以上轉(zhuǎn)換中,代詞作主語用主格, 代詞作賓語用賓格.

6.主動語態(tài)中有些動詞如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后常跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)要帶上to

 He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.

 7.主動語態(tài)中若有雙賓語,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時, 通常把指人的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語. His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.

 練習(xí)題:

把下列句子變?yōu)楸粍泳?  1.They asked me to come a little later. →I ___ _____ to come a little later.

 2.Women often talk about food and clothes. →Food and clothes ____ often _____ about by women.           

 3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? → ___this kind of truck _____ in Nanjing?               

 4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth must ___ ____ twice a day.                  

 5.Can I answer this question in simple English? →_____this question __ ______ in simple English?             

 6.You may clean the room after work. → The room may _____ _______ after work.

   思考題:

 1.We use brooms for sweeping the floor. → Brooms___ ___for sweeping the floor.           

 2. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year.

→ Quite a few tall buildings ___ _____ in their hometown last year.               

 3. You must not put the bike there. → The bike ___ ____ _____there.                     

 4. Can you see the stars in the daytime? → Can the stars _____ __in the daytime?               

句子（三）

 2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首謂語動詞前加Don't。   Don't be late for class.

 3、說話對象是第一人稱和第三人稱時，表示建議做某事。     Let me/us     Let him/her/them  eg. Let's go to school.    注意： 1)祈使句 ＋ and/or ＋ 簡單句是常用句型

 祈使句 + and + 簡單句 表示“如果…，就…”

祈使句 + or + 簡單句 表示“…否則…”

eg. 1.Go down the street,and you'll see a hospital.   2.Be quick,or we'll be late.

 2)在祈使句后面，常常附加一個問句，使語氣更加委婉。

 eg.①Tell me about it,will you/won't you?    ②Don't tell anyone,will you?

   ③Let's go to school,shall we?  ④Let us go out to play for a while,will you?                    

 練習(xí)題     1)_____ on the thin ice. It's dangerous.

 A.Don't skate   B.Don't skating    C.Skate   D.Not skate

  2)Let's fly the kite on the playground, _____ ______?（附加問句）

 3)Please turn down the radio a bit, ____ _____?（附加問句）

句子的分類:由句子結(jié)構(gòu)來講，可分為三類簡單

  eg. We cleaned the windows and tidied the room.

 二、并列句：由并列連詞and, but,so,or,for等把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連起來的句子。 eg. 1)I come from China and he comes from Japan.    2)Hurry up,or you'll miss the train.

   3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldn't find it.

   4)She didn't know the answer to the question,so she asked the teacher.

   5)He's interested in music while John is interested in sports.

              三、復(fù)合句

 A.賓語從句：賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。

      1、連接詞  1)由連接詞that引導(dǎo)陳述句，在口語中that常省略。

 eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.

2)由連接詞whether/if引導(dǎo)一般疑問句，whether和if 常可互換，但下列場合一般用whether.

 ①介詞后的賓語從句：I'm thinking of whether he'll come.

  ②與or not連用：I don't know whether I should go or not.

  3)由連接代詞what,who(whom,whose)which或連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。  eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for?

  2、語序：不管賓語從句是陳述句、一般疑問句或特殊疑問句，都要用陳述句語序，也就是說主謂次序不能顛倒。連接詞＋主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

 (1).Bill wanted to know who did this.  (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?

  (3).I don't know what's wrong with them?

   3、時態(tài)：一般說來，主從句時態(tài)要統(tǒng)一。如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可根據(jù)需要用其它任何時態(tài)；如果主句是一般過去時，從句應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)范疇（也就是用一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，過去將來時，過去完成時）。

  eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag.  ②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?

  如果從句表明的是一個客觀事實或真理，那么無論主句是什么時態(tài)，從句都只能用一般現(xiàn)在時。 eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.

  注意：在think后的賓語從句，如果需要表示否定意義，一般不在賓語從句中否定，而是在主句中否定。  eg. I don’t think that English is easy.   I think that English is not easy. ( 誤)

練習(xí)題：（一）

 ①How does he get on with his new classmates? Could you tell me? (改為含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句)   Could you tell me how ____ _____ on with his new classmates?

 ②What is he doing there? Mother didn't know. (改為含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句)

 Mother didn't know what _____ ______doing there.

  ③Could you tell me ________ they are talking about?   A.where B.when C.why D.what     

 ④You'd better ask your mother whether is it cheap enough before you try it on.

 ⑤Excuse me.Could you tell me where ___________? 

 A.is the toilet B.the toilet is C.was the toiletD.the toilet was

   句子（四）

 1、祈使句的肯定形式：一般以動詞原形開頭。    Open the door, please.

 2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首謂語動詞前加Don't。   Don't be late for class.

 3、說話對象是第一人稱和第三人稱時，表示建議做某事。     Let me/us     Let him/her/them    eg. Let's go to school.

         注意： 1)祈使句 ＋ and/or ＋ 簡單句是常用句型

 祈使句 + and + 簡單句 表示“如果…，就…”  祈使句 + or + 簡單句 表示“…否則…” eg. 1.Go down the street,and you'll see a hospital.       2.Be quick,or we'll be late. 2)在祈使句后面，常常附加一個問句，使語氣更加委婉。 eg.①Tell me about it,will you/won't you?  ②Don't tell anyone,will you? ③Let's go to school,shall we? ④Let us go out to play for a while,will you?

 練習(xí)題

  1)_____ on the thin ice. It's dangerous.

 A.Don't skate   B.Don't skating    C.Skate   D.Not skate

 2)Let's fly the kite on the playground, _____ ______?（附加問句）

 3)Please turn down the radio a bit, ____ _____?（附加問句）

 句子的分類:由句子結(jié)構(gòu)來講，可分為三類簡單

  eg. We cleaned the windows and tidied the room.

 二、并列句：由并列連詞and, but,so,or,for等把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連起來的句子。 eg. 1)I come from China and he comes from Japan.

 2)Hurry up,or you'll miss the train.  3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldn't find it.

  4)She didn't know the answer to the question,so she asked the teacher.

  5)He's interested in music while John is interested in sports.

 三、復(fù)合句

 A.賓語從句：賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。

 1、連接詞  1)由連接詞that引導(dǎo)陳述句，在口語中that常省略。

 eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.

 2)由連接詞whether/if引導(dǎo)一般疑問句，whether和if �？苫�換，但下列場合一般用whether. ①介詞后的賓語從句：I'm thinking of whether he'll come.

  ②與or not連用：I don't know whether I should go or not.

  3)由連接代詞what,who(whom,whose)which或連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。  eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for?

  2、語序：不管賓語從句是陳述句、一般疑問句或特殊疑問句，都要用陳述句語序，也就是說主謂次序不能顛倒。連接詞＋主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

  (1).Bill wanted to know who did this.  (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?

  (3).I don't know what's wrong with them?

   3、時態(tài)：一般說來，主從句時態(tài)要統(tǒng)一。如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可根據(jù)需要用其它任何時態(tài)；如果主句是一般過去時，從句應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)范疇（也就是用一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，過去將來時，過去完成時）。

  eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag.

     ②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting.

     ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?            

 如果從句表明的是一個客觀事實或真理，那么無論主句是什么時態(tài)，從句都只能用一般現(xiàn)在時。eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.

   注意：在think后的賓語從句，如果需要表示否定意義，一般不在賓語從句中否定，而是在主句中否定。  eg. I don’t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 誤)

      句子（五）

1、同義詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換：指不同的詞組表達(dá)同一個意思，用另一個意義相同的詞組替換原句中的詞組。  1)Did your parents have a good time in Hangzhou?

  Did your parents _________ ___________ in Hangzhou? 

  2)Jane prefers English to maths.   Jane _____ English ______ than maths. 

 3)The smiths flew to London for their holiday yesterday afternoon.

  The smiths ______to London for their holiday ___ ____yesterday afternoon.

 4)Yesterday Tom heard from his sister.  Yesterday Tom ________ ______ ______ ______ his sister.

5)The woman spent ￥200 on her handbag.

 The woman ___ ￥200 __ her handbag.  Her handbag ____ the woman ￥200.

   6)Lily taught herself Japanese.  Lily ___________ Japanese _____ _______.

  7)Lin Feng is weak in English.  Lin Feng ____ ______ ___ English.

    2、反義詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換，相對于主語來說，動作發(fā)出的對象改變

   1)They haven't written to their daughter for a long time.

   The daughter ______ _______ from her parents for a long time.                   

   2)The farmer borrowed a pan from the woman last week.

   The woman ____ a pan ___ the farmer last week.                

   3)Remember to turn off the lights when you leave the room.

   ________ _______ to turn off the lights when you leave the room.                 

   4)Lin Feng is weak in English.

 Lin Feng ______ ____ ____ ____ English.    Lin Feng _____ ______ ___ English.

   3、比較等級的轉(zhuǎn)換：形容詞/副詞的原級、比較級、最高級間的轉(zhuǎn)換，通常用more than, less than,as…as, not so…as連接。

 1) Japanese is not so popular as English.   Japanese is ______ popular _______ English.

 2) Jim runs faster than any other student in his class.

  Jim runs ______ _______ all the students in his class.

  ______ runs ________ than Jim in his class.   _____ runs ____ fast ___ Jim in his class.

3) He has more story-books than I. I haven't ________ many story-books _______ he.

   4、用連接詞把兩句合并為一句的轉(zhuǎn)換。

1)The old woman was very angry.She couldn't say a word.

The old woman was ______ angry _____ say a word. 

2)Edison was very clever.He could invent a lot of things. 

  Edison was _____ _______ ___ invent a lot of things. 

3) Jane prefers English to maths. So does Ann. 

  ________ Jane ________ Ann ________ English to maths.

4)You can do this before class, and you can also do it after class.

 You can do this ______ before class ____ after class.                  

5) This shirt doesn't look nice. That shirt doesn't look nice, either.

 _______ this shirt ______ that shirt _______nice.

5、不同句子結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，主要指簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句間的轉(zhuǎn)換

1)We found him a good pupil.  We found _______ ______ _______ a good pupil.

2)The room is so small that my family can't live in it.

The room isn't ______ ________ ____ my family ___ live in.

The room is ______ small ________ my family _______ live in.

3)His grandfather died ten years ago.  It ____ ten years ___ his grandfather ______.

4)I'm not sure what I should do next. I'm not sure _____ ___ ____ next.

5)Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. ___ you ___ hurry up, you'll miss the train.

  6、根據(jù)句意的轉(zhuǎn)換

1)      Yesterday everyone of us went to the farm except Lucy.

 ________ Lucy _______ go to the farm with us yesterday.                 

  2)Sam is friendly to his classmates and his classmates are friendly to him.

  Sam _______ ______ well with his classmates.                  

  3)Lily was born ten minutes earlier than I was.      I am ten minutes _______ than Lily.                 

  4)English is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.

  English _____ the largest number of ________ in the world.               

  5)It's your turn to do it.     It's _____ ____ you to do it.                 

  6)The children can't wait to open their presents.

  The children want to see the presents __ _____ __ ________.                    

  7)The room is bright enough.       There's _______ ______ in the room.                

  8)We can't finish the work if you don't help us.      We can't finish the work _____ _____ help.                   

  9)It rained heavily last night.         There ______ _____ _____ last night.                     

  10)He has lived in the city since he was born.  He has lived in the city _____ _____ ______.                   

  11)The building is beautiful and there are many tall trees around it.

  The building _____ many tall trees all _______ is beautiful.                 

   7、其它

  1)I spent two hours reading the book yesterday.

  _____ ______ me two hours ______ _____ the book yesterday.

   2)He bought the book two weeks ago. He _____ _____ the book ____ two weeks.

 3)You're very kind to help me with my maths.

 ___ __ very kind ___ you ___ help me with my maths.                

  4)Our teacher left the lab after he had got everything ready.

  Our teacher ______ _______ the lab _____ he had got everything ready.               

  5)Jim said to Lin Feng, "Don't fill the pan too full."   Jim ___ Lin Feng __ __ fill the pan too full.                                                                        

 思考題：    1)My grandfather died ten years ago.

  My grandfather ______ ______ ______ ______ ten years ago.                  

  2)Spring goes on from March to May.   Spring _______ from March ________ May.                     

  3)The Great Wall is known to people all over the world.

  People all over the world ______ ______ ______ _______.

  4)I think it is different from Chinese names.    I don't think it is _____ _____ as Chinese names.                 

  5)They planted millions of trees to save the farmland.

  They planted millions of trees _____ _____ the farmland _____ ____ saved.                   

  6)The man thinks the same as I.      The man ______ ______ me.

怎樣做好完形填空

1.先通讀一遍全文，對全文內(nèi)容、作者觀點、態(tài)度、文體等各方面有個宏觀了解。雖然開始不可能完全了解短文內(nèi)容，但起碼要做到“八、九不離十”。弄清大意，抓住了主題，便為正確選詞打下了可靠的基礎(chǔ)。        2.然后讀一遍選項，知道均有哪些備選項。

3.再讀全文，并且可以邊讀邊用鉛筆試將所選的選項的內(nèi)容填在空白處。這是一個關(guān)鍵性的分析判斷階段。同學(xué)們要瞻前顧后，字斟句酌。不能只看空格前后兩個詞，而是應(yīng)該看完整的句子。這時，應(yīng)調(diào)動你學(xué)過的全部語言知識，明確題目是要考查你哪方面知識的掌握。4.再串讀，看鉛筆填上后，文章意思是否通順，語法語義是否準(zhǔn)確，是否可恢復(fù)原貌。5.切不可不讀全文，見一空填一詞。        6.同學(xué)們要學(xué)會利用上下文中的各種語言線索和已有的語言知識來選詞。

7.如果遇到一時難以確定的答案可先不填，先去做后面的，或有把握的，待填完其他空白后，再回過頭來做前面，有時候，前后空白往往形成互相提示和補充。同時，同學(xué)們還可利用排除法，首先排除不合題意的選項，然后反復(fù)比較剩下的選項，這樣就可以略為簡單一些。

8.最后還要利用自己各方面的知識和語言知識、歷史知識、生活常識等，細(xì)微分析比較，理解中心，全面驗證。完形填空：（一）

    One day a poor farmer was taking a bag of wheat to town. Suddenly the bag _1_ from his horse onto the road.He did not know _2_ to do about it because it was _3_ heavy for him to lift by himself. He only hoped that someone would soon pass by and _4_ him a hand.

    Just at this moment a man _5_ a horse came up to him. But the farmer's heart sank when he saw who he was. It was the great man living _6_. The farmer had hoped to ask another farmer or a poor man _7_ him to come along and help him. He couldn't ask such a great man to help him. But to his _8_ ,the great man got off his horse as soon as he came nearer. He said to the farmer, "I see you _9_ help, friend. How good it is that I'm here just at the right time. "Then he took one end of the bag, the farmer the other, they together raised it and put it on the horse.

    "It's quite easy," the great man replied with _10_.

    Wherever you see anyone else in trouble, do the same for him.

1、 A.fall B.fell C.falling D.fallen      2、 A.what    B.how     C.that     D.it

3、 A.very B.so C.quite D.too         4、 A.lend    B.ask      C.borrow  D.gave

5、 A.riding B.ride C.rode  D.rides   6、 A.nearby  B.faraway  C.nearly  D.near

7、 A.as B.like C.to D.for            8、 A.surprised  B.surprising  C.surprise  D.surprises

9、 A.needs  B.need 　 C.to need 　 D.needed

10、 A.smiles   B.smile   C.a smile   D.an smile

（二）

   Mr Brown had an umbrella(傘) shop in a small town.People sometimes (1) him broken umbrellas, and then he took them to a big shop in London. They were (2) there.

    One day Mr Brown went to London by train. He (3) to take an umbrella with him that day. Sitting in front of him was a man with an umbrella standing (4) the seat. When the train arrived in London, Mr Brown (5) up the umbrella as he often did during his journey by train. Just as he was getting off, he was (6) by the man. He said angrily, "That's (7)!” Mr Brown's face turned red and he gave it back to the man at once.

    When Mr Brown got to the big shop, the shopkeeper had got his six umbrellas ready. After a good look at (8) of them, he said, "You've mended them very well."

    In the afternoon he got into the train again. The (9) man was in the same seat. He looked at Mr Brown and his six umbrellas, "You've had a(10)day," he said.

1、 A.showed B.passed C.returned D.brought      2、 A.kept B.mended C.used D.sold

3、 A.wanted B.had C.forgot D.decided           4、 A.beside B.over C.under D.from

5、 A.picked B.looked C.put  D.dressed

6、 A.needed B.helped C.stopped D.remembered   7、 A.yours B.mine C.his D.hers

8、 A.one B.each C.both D.any                   9、 A.same B.other C.forgetful D.kind

4.找出主題句，弄清替代詞的指代關(guān)系，推斷句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

5.分清表層理解和深層理解的含義。    6.突破生詞關(guān)。   7.在做到以上各點的基礎(chǔ)上，再用“排除法”“一次判斷”“逐個分析”等方法來判斷找出問題的正確答案。

 （一）  Last Sunday I saw the worst storm (暴雨) in years. It came suddenly and went on for three hours. After lunch, I went into my room and had a rest. The air was hot. All was quiet.

    Then strong wind started blowing into my room. Pieces of paper on my desk flew high into the air and some flew out of the open window. As I ran to catch them,big drops of rain began to fall.

    When I came back into my house, it was raining harder and harder. I tried hard and managed to close the window. Then I heard a loud sound from the back of the house. I ran out of my room to find out what had happened:a big tree had fallen down and broken the top of the backroom.             

 1.The storm happened _______.

A.in the morning B.while he was in the back room  C.in the afternoon  D.while he was in the garden.   

 2.Before the storm came, the weather was _____.  A.cold   B.cool   C.hot    D.warm         

 3.The storm lasted for ___.

 A.three hours      B.more than three hours   C.three days        D.less than three days       

 4.The strong wind blew some of the paper ____.

 A.all over the floor      B.into the back room    C.out of the door        D.out of the window          

 5.The top of the back room was broken because of ___.

 A.the strong wind      B.the heavy rain    C.the loud sound      D.the fallen tree

（二）   One day Tony was crossing the road when he was hit by a car. He fell and broke his arm. An ambulance(救護(hù)車) soon arrived and took Tony to a hospital. There a doctor operated on his arm. Then he put the arm in a cast(石膏).Tony couldn't move it at all.

 "You must keep your arm in a cast for six weeks,"the doctor said. " You'llbe all right then. "  At the end of six weeks, Tony went back to the hospital. The doctor took his arm out of the cast.   "Can you move your arm,Tony?” he asked.

  Tony tried to move his arm. At first it was difficult,but soon he could move it easily.

  "Yes, it's fine," he said. "Thank you very much."

  "In a few days it will be as good as new, " the doctor said. "Just exercises it a little."

  "Will I be able to play the guitar(吉他)？" Tony asked.

 The doctor smiled. "Of course you will,"he said."You'll have no problems."

  "That is good news,"Tony said.” Because I couldn't play it at all before."

 1.How did Tony break his arm?

 A. A guitar fell on it. B. A doctor broke it.C. He was hit by a car.       

 2.How long did Tony have to keep his arm in a cast?

 A.Several days.B.Less than a month.C.About a month and a half.

 3.As soon as the doctor took off the cast____.

 A.Tony could move his arm easily   B.Tony could move his arm with some trouble

C.Tony was no longer able to move his arm      

4.What did the doctor tell Tony to do after the cast was taken off?

 A.Exercise his arm.B.Take some medicineC.Come back to the hospital again.

 5.At last Tony became very happy because ____.

 A.he thought he would be able to play the guitar.B.the doctor had given him a guitar

C.the doctor had told him that he could help him   

                       （三）

    This is really a very fast game. Both sides are fighting for the ball all the time. We are enjoying every minute of it. Loud shouts can be heard here and there.

Willis has the ball now. This is only his third game for England,but he's playing so well that it won't be his last, I'm quite sure.

    Willis passes the ball to Cotton. Cotton kicks it over the heads of the Frenchmen towards the goal. But he's too far away. Dupont picks it up easily and throws it to Paton.

    France and England still have one goal each, and there are only two minutes left. At this moment, anything can happen. Paton kicks the ballacross to Crozat. It‘s a beautiful kick. But Stevens jumps and just stops the ball with the side of his head. But Menier is there. He passes it to Crozat, and Crozat, without any hesitation(猶豫), puts he ball into the back of the goal. It's a great surprise to us. I've never seen such a goal like this.

    And the game is over. France has won the cup.

 1.It wouldn't be Willis' last game for England because ____.

 A.he had played three already   B.this was only his third time

C.he was a good player    D.he had kicked three goals for England    

 2.Why couldn't Cotton kick the ball into the goal?

 A.Willis was too far away from him.   B.He wasn't near the goal.

C.Dupont picked the ball up easily.    D.The Frenchmen stopped the ball with their heads.                  

 3."At this moment, anything can happen" means "___".

 A.The ninety minutes will end in a draw   B.There is time for another goal

C.The game is nearly over    D.Either A or B           

4.How many goals had the French players kicked by the end of the match?

 A.One    B.Two     C.Three    D.Four 

  5.Who were all from the French team?         

A.Cotton, Stevens, Menier and Crozat.  B.Paton, Crozat, Sevens and Dupont.

C.Dupont, Crozat, Menier and Paton.    D.Willis, Dupont,Cotton and Menier.        

 如何做好中考聽力題

1.語音困難 :一是發(fā)音不準(zhǔn),特別是音相近的詞,如 house--horse,much--March,hear--hair, sheep--ship,food---foot, mouth--mouse,quite--quiet,bed--bad,present--parent--peasant, box--books,等.

再就是語速的變化所引起的一系列的問題、語速慢，聽力材料與學(xué)生程度相當(dāng)，能聽懂。但語速快，聽力材料低于學(xué)生的水平，也聽不懂。這是由于平時對于連讀，失去爆破、重讀與弱讀等缺少訓(xùn)練，因此對有些語音材料聽不懂。

2.內(nèi)容上的困難 :學(xué)生不是將注意力集中到最關(guān)鍵的部分.而是在一些虛詞上或無關(guān)緊要的詞上過多停留，影響對全文的理解。

3.心理上的障礙 :這是聽力測試中至關(guān)重要的問題。由于過于緊張，本來能聽懂的也聽不懂了。

具體做法：(1) 看完題目，再聽錄音；(2) 果斷選擇，爭取時間。

思維定勢解題誤區(qū)

思維定勢，指的是我們習(xí)慣性的思維方式。學(xué)生在做題時往往會受固定搭配，習(xí)慣用法等思維方式的影響，憑著經(jīng)驗或感覺快速解題。當(dāng)然，這有利于提高解題速度，但有時也會把學(xué)生的思維引向“歧路”。現(xiàn)舉例分析，以引起大家注意。如：

1．Shanghai is larger than ___________ city in Jiangsu．

A．a(chǎn)ny   B．a(chǎn)ny other    C．other     D．one

仔細(xì)分析該題，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)本句中兩個比較的雙方Shanghai和Jiangsu是“相互不包含”關(guān)系。此句實際是Shanghai與Jiangsu的任一個城市進(jìn)行比較，故選A。

2．There are a lot __________ apples in this basket than in that one．

A．most   B．more    C．of  D．much

此題學(xué)生往往會受短語a lot of的影響而選C，仔細(xì)研讀該題則會發(fā)現(xiàn)此句是一個比較句型，句中的a lot實際上是用來修飾比較級的，該題的正確答案為B。

3．What did you ___________ at the meeting yesterday？

A．speak    B．tell     C．say      D．talk

這道題學(xué)生一看會根據(jù)“在會上發(fā)言，speak at the meeting”這一短語而選A。實際上這一句的意思是“你昨天在會上講什么了？”疑問詞what在句中作動詞say的賓語，指說的內(nèi)容，故選取答案C。

4．The bus is coming．Let's___________．

A．get it on    B．get it off      C．get on it      D．get it off

此題容易受“動詞＋副詞”短語的影響，把代詞放在此結(jié)構(gòu)的中間，而選答案A。表示上／下車時，此時on／off是介詞，需要把代詞放在on／off的后面，所以答案為C。

5．I'd heard a lot _________England．Some things were as I thought．

A．of     B．a(chǎn)bout    C．to     D．for

此題表面一看很簡單，根據(jù)短語a lot of 選答案A。再看看句意，“我聽說許多英國”，則發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案為B，意為“聽到很多有關(guān)英國的情況，有些正如我想的一樣”。

6．―Must I finish the work before five o'clock？

   ―No．You ___________ finish it before eight．

A．mustn't       B．needn't     C．can't     D．can

對must引導(dǎo)的一般疑問句否定回答常用No，you needn't．結(jié)構(gòu)。但細(xì)細(xì)分析本句，就可以從標(biāo)點看出No和它后面的部分實為兩個句子，結(jié)合句意，可知答案為D。

7．Can you it in English？

A．speak    B．say    C．tell   D．talk一看到English，就聯(lián)想到講語言用動詞speak，而選答案A。此題實際上是“你會用英語表達(dá)它嗎？”此時in English譯為“用英語”，在句子中作方式狀語，而it是say的賓語。因此選C。

8．There        a film tomorrow evening．

A．will have    B．have    C．is going to be        D．has此句意思很明顯，“明天晚上有電影”。“有”易受漢語影響而選答案A。實際上本句應(yīng)用There be句型，