北京市三大區(qū)2009屆高三五月模擬
文科綜合能力主觀試題(政治部分)
1.(32分)充分就業(yè)是社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù),對于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和社會穩(wěn)定具有重要意義。閱讀材料,回答問題。
材料一 據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2009年將有610萬應(yīng)屆高校畢業(yè)生要找工作,2007年和2008年畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生分別還有100萬人和150萬人沒有 找到工作。大學(xué)生就業(yè)進(jìn)入30年來最難時(shí)期。
材料二 為促進(jìn)高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè),國務(wù)院及有關(guān)部門以空前的力度出臺了一系列政策措施:如開辟公共服務(wù)和社會管理的崗位,以優(yōu)惠政策鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)、非公有制企業(yè)更多地吸納大學(xué)生,舉辦大型招聘活動,提供崗位信息,通過優(yōu)惠政策、支持鼓勵(lì)大學(xué)生自主創(chuàng)業(yè),建立就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)見習(xí)基地提高職業(yè)技能。各項(xiàng)政策措施含金量之大、覆蓋面之寬前所未有。
(1)運(yùn)用所學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)常識,說明國家為什么重視就業(yè)問題?(10分)
答案要點(diǎn)為:
(1)①物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn)是人類社會發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)(勞動創(chuàng)造價(jià)值,勞動創(chuàng)造財(cái)富),只有使勞動者就業(yè)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)勞動力與生產(chǎn)資料的結(jié)合,進(jìn)行物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn),為社會創(chuàng)造財(cái)富。(2分)②社會主義的生產(chǎn)目的是滿足人民日益增長的物質(zhì)和文化生活的需要。做好就業(yè)工作,人們通過就業(yè),提高勞動者收入,提高生活水平。(2分)③增加就業(yè)是國家宏觀調(diào)控的主要目標(biāo)之一,增加就業(yè)可以使勞動力資源得到充分利用,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)總量增加和收入增長。(3分)④生產(chǎn)資料公有制是社會主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的基礎(chǔ),勞動者是國家的主人,享有勞動和平等就業(yè)的權(quán)利。保障勞動者享有勞動權(quán),對于保障勞動者主人翁地位,發(fā)揮勞動者積極性、創(chuàng)造力,實(shí)現(xiàn)社會公平,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會和諧發(fā)展具有重要作用。(3分)
(2)運(yùn)用所學(xué)政治常識,說明國家出臺一系列措施做好大學(xué)生就業(yè)工作的理由。(10分)
答案要點(diǎn)①我國是人民民主專政的社會主義國家,人民是國家的主人。勞動權(quán)是憲法賦予每個(gè)公民的權(quán)利,國家要貪污保障公民平等地享有憲法和法律賦予的權(quán)利。(4分)②我國的國家機(jī)構(gòu)是人民意旨的執(zhí)行者和捍衛(wèi)者,堅(jiān)持對人民負(fù)責(zé)的活動原則,努力做好大學(xué)生就業(yè)工作是堅(jiān)持對人民負(fù)責(zé)原則的具體表現(xiàn)。(3分)③國家具有對社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)和公共事務(wù)進(jìn)行管理的職能,保障大學(xué)生就業(yè)是國家的職責(zé)。(3分
材料三:有這樣一位大學(xué)畢業(yè)生,上學(xué)期間并不是學(xué)新聞專業(yè),卻被某報(bào)社聘用。當(dāng)談及成功原因時(shí)說:“從大二起,我就在這家報(bào)社實(shí)習(xí)。要想成功就業(yè),只有書本知識是不夠的,還需要課堂之外的各種經(jīng)驗(yàn),比如假期實(shí)習(xí)、社會實(shí)踐、兼職工作等!
還有一位大學(xué)畢業(yè)生選擇了自主創(chuàng)業(yè),如今所創(chuàng)辦的公司已小有成績。他認(rèn)為:創(chuàng)業(yè)要找到與自己專長吻合、能發(fā)揮特長的項(xiàng)目。現(xiàn)在各行各業(yè)都在有人做,如果沒有創(chuàng)新,賺錢就很困難。
也有這樣的大學(xué)生,充滿理想,但滿腦子都是天(天津)南(南京)海(上海)北(北京)等大城市,不愿去有很大需求但工作條件較差的小城鎮(zhèn)或鄉(xiāng)村。其結(jié)果理想只能是幻想,很難實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)。
(3)上述材料說明,在大學(xué)生就業(yè)、創(chuàng)業(yè)過程中,不乏成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和失敗的教訓(xùn)。請你從中總結(jié)最主要的哲學(xué)方法論的道理。(12分)
答案要點(diǎn) 堅(jiān)持實(shí)踐第一的觀點(diǎn),在實(shí)踐中鍛煉成才。既要學(xué)習(xí)書本知識(間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)),又要參加社會實(shí)踐(直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)),把理論與實(shí)踐結(jié)合起來。(3分)為順利實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè),積極參加社會實(shí)踐,積累實(shí)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),都說明了這一道理。(1分)從社會和個(gè)人的實(shí)際出發(fā),主觀與客觀相符合;堅(jiān)持具體問題具體分析的原則;堅(jiān)持發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn),勇于創(chuàng)新。(3分)創(chuàng)業(yè)中要找到既符合自己特長、又有市場需要的項(xiàng)目,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)業(yè)。(1分)要把理想與現(xiàn)實(shí)結(jié)合起來,處理好個(gè)人與社會的關(guān)系。(3分)就業(yè)中如果只考慮自己的理想,不考慮社會需要,好高騖遠(yuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)就很困難。(1分)
2. 材料三 美國是世界第一貿(mào)易大國,然而隨著金融危機(jī)的實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)蔓延,美國貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義明顯抬頭。2月17日奧巴馬簽署的總額為7870億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃中,順利放行了“購買美國貨”條款。歷史告訴我們,任何針對他國的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義舉措,不僅會損害對方,最終也會傷及自身。危機(jī)當(dāng)頭,重要的是各國攜手共克時(shí)艱,共同反對貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義,這也是4月初召開的G20倫敦金融峰會上各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人達(dá)成的重要共識。
(4)結(jié)合材料,運(yùn)用所學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)常識,分析說明為什么要反對貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義?(10分)
答案要點(diǎn) ①反對貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義是生產(chǎn)社會化特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的客觀要求。在生產(chǎn)社會化、經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化條件下,各國之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系日益廣泛,客觀上要求國與國之間貿(mào)易自由、相互開放。(3分)②反對貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義是市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的內(nèi)在要求。各國只有在平等、競爭、開放的基礎(chǔ)上,參與國際分工與全作,互通有無、調(diào)劑余缺,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)資源的優(yōu)化配置。(3分)③反對貿(mào)易保護(hù) 義是平等互利、合共作共贏的對外貿(mào)易原則的要求。國與國之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交流,做到平等、互利、共贏,國際貿(mào)易才能健康發(fā)展。(3分)④反對貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義是當(dāng)前應(yīng)對國際金融危機(jī)的要求。危機(jī)當(dāng)頭,各國以鄰為壑,無益解決任何問題,應(yīng)增強(qiáng)合作,保持貿(mào)易和投資開放,抵制保護(hù)主義。(1分)
3.為應(yīng)對國際金融危機(jī)對我國的影響,保持經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定增長,2009年初我國出臺了汽車、鋼鐵、有色金屬等十大產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整振興規(guī)劃。我國西南地區(qū)自然資源極為豐富,是我國最具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ牡貐^(qū)之一。歷史上這里也經(jīng)歷了民主革命的風(fēng)雨洗禮。閱讀資料,回答問題。
材料一 十大產(chǎn)業(yè)振興規(guī)劃,在應(yīng)對國際金融危機(jī)沖擊、解決當(dāng)前存在的突出矛盾的同時(shí),以結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、增強(qiáng)發(fā)展后勁、實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級為核心內(nèi)容,其關(guān)鍵詞,就是“調(diào)整”。通過調(diào)整,提升和優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)布局,為三年后我國產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ),從而使中國經(jīng)濟(jì)真正既大又強(qiáng)。
(1)結(jié)合材料,運(yùn)用所學(xué)辯證法的知識,說明產(chǎn)業(yè)振興規(guī)劃為什么強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整”?(10分)
答題要點(diǎn)為:
(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,符合整體部分相互關(guān)系原理。(1分)通過結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,各部分優(yōu)化組合,整體會產(chǎn)生新的巨大效益,發(fā)揮出比部分工能總和更大的功能。(2分)因此,既要搞好局部,又要有全局思想。(1分)各個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)要努力調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu),把各自做大做強(qiáng),真正使我國的十大產(chǎn)業(yè)為解決當(dāng)前存在的突出矛盾發(fā)揮巨大作用。(1分)②強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,符合量變質(zhì)變的關(guān)系原理。(1分)通過調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu),使構(gòu)成事物的成分在結(jié)構(gòu)和排列次序上發(fā)生變化,引起質(zhì)變。(2分)因此要重視量變。(1分)通過各個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)淘汰落后生產(chǎn)、兼并重組等自身的調(diào)整,實(shí)現(xiàn)我國產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級和優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)布局,為使國民經(jīng)濟(jì)真正既大又強(qiáng)發(fā)揮作用。(1分)(若從聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)等其它角度分析,言之有理,可酌情給分)
4.(32分)
就業(yè)是民生之本,也是構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會的重要內(nèi)容。在國際金融危機(jī)沖擊下,我國面臨空前的就業(yè)壓力:一是失業(yè)返鄉(xiāng)的2500萬農(nóng)民工和滯留城市難以就業(yè)的農(nóng)民工;二是700多萬應(yīng)屆高校畢業(yè)生;三是常年新增城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)人員。2009年,解決就業(yè)問題成為我們面臨的一個(gè)重要課題。
(1)運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)常識的相關(guān)知識,分析我國為什么要高度重視就業(yè)問題?(13分)
答案要點(diǎn) 社會主義生產(chǎn)目的是滿足人們?nèi)找嬖鲩L的物質(zhì)文化生活的需要;社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)以實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕為根本目標(biāo)。因此要重視就業(yè)問題,實(shí)現(xiàn)充分就業(yè)。(3分)
生產(chǎn)決定消費(fèi),消費(fèi)對生產(chǎn)有反作用。重視就業(yè)問題,努力擴(kuò)大就業(yè),有利于增加收入,改善人民生活,有利于擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。(3分)
勞動者的主人翁地位是通過勞動者的權(quán)利和義務(wù)體現(xiàn)出來的,勞動者依法享有勞動的權(quán)利。重視就業(yè)工作,是維護(hù)勞動者權(quán)利的要求。(3分)
增加就業(yè)是國家宏觀調(diào)控的目標(biāo)之一,因此要充分重視就業(yè)問題。(2分)
重視就業(yè)問題是貫徹科學(xué)發(fā)展觀、構(gòu)建和諧社會的必然要求。(2分)
我們在看到“許多人無事干”的同時(shí),“許多事無人干”也是現(xiàn)實(shí)。一些人“高不成,低不就”給再就業(yè)工作增加了難度。
(2)從人生觀和價(jià)值觀的角度,談?wù)勅绾谓鉀Q“許多事無人干”的問題?(9分)
價(jià)值觀對社會發(fā)展和人生選擇有重要導(dǎo)向作用。面對就業(yè)問題,應(yīng)該樹立正確的價(jià)值觀。(3分)
答案要點(diǎn) 人生價(jià)值是在個(gè)人與社會的統(tǒng)一中實(shí)現(xiàn)的。實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè),要從現(xiàn)實(shí)的社會歷史條件出發(fā),結(jié)合自身?xiàng)l件,實(shí)現(xiàn)人生價(jià)值。(3分)
要正確處理理想和現(xiàn)實(shí)的關(guān)系,要把職業(yè)理想轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí),必須從自身?xiàng)l件出發(fā),腳踏實(shí)地、艱苦奮斗,充分發(fā)揮主觀能動性。(3分)
參加十一屆全國人大二次會議的代表中有大量關(guān)于促進(jìn)就業(yè)的提案提交大會討論,為2500萬農(nóng)民工和700多萬大學(xué)生爭取就業(yè)機(jī)會。
(3)結(jié)合政治常識,談?wù)勅舜蟠黻P(guān)注就業(yè)問題的理由。(10分)
答案要點(diǎn) 我國是人民民主專政的社會主義國家,一切權(quán)力屬于人民。(2分)
人民代表大會制度是我國的根本政治制度。(2分)
人大代表是我國權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的組成人員,代表人民行使國家權(quán)力。(2分)
人大代表反映人民群眾的意見和要求,依法行使提案權(quán)。(2分)
人大代表要密切聯(lián)系群眾,為人民服務(wù),對人民負(fù)責(zé)。(2分)
5.(3)運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)常識,結(jié)合我國發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的政策,完成下表。(11分)
政策
理由
舉例
用現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)改造農(nóng)業(yè)
提高農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量、質(zhì)量、效益關(guān)鍵靠科技進(jìn)步。沒有科技創(chuàng)新與應(yīng)用就沒有現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)。
用現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)體系提升農(nóng)業(yè)
某縣圍繞“穩(wěn)糧、優(yōu)果、興牧”的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整思路,積極發(fā)展果業(yè)、奶畜業(yè)、設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、勞務(wù)輸出四大特色產(chǎn)業(yè)。
用現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營形式推動農(nóng)業(yè)
我國新產(chǎn)生的各種農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)會和各種農(nóng)業(yè)合作社。
用培養(yǎng)新型農(nóng)民發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)
某地政府積極組織科技、文化、醫(yī)療三下鄉(xiāng)活動。
答案要點(diǎn)
政 策
理 由
舉 例
用現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)改造農(nóng)業(yè)
提高農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量、質(zhì)量、效益關(guān)鍵靠科技進(jìn)步。沒有科技創(chuàng)新與應(yīng)用就沒有現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)
我國以袁隆平為代表的科學(xué)家通過科研培育良種,大幅度提高我國水稻的產(chǎn)量和效益。(2分)(舉例恰當(dāng)可得分)
用現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)體系提升農(nóng)業(yè)
推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)合理優(yōu)化,實(shí)現(xiàn)我國由傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)化。(3分)
某縣圍繞“穩(wěn)糧、優(yōu)果、興牧”的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整思路,積極發(fā)展果業(yè)、奶畜業(yè)、設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、勞務(wù)輸出四大特色產(chǎn)業(yè)。
用現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營形式推動農(nóng)業(yè)
產(chǎn)供銷一體化的產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營把我國千萬農(nóng)戶與千變?nèi)f化的市場連接起來,是把我國農(nóng)業(yè)改造成現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的重要保證。(3分)
我國新產(chǎn)生的各種農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)會和各種農(nóng)業(yè)合作社。
用培養(yǎng)新型農(nóng)民發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)
科技進(jìn)步靠人才,提高全體農(nóng)民的文化與科技素質(zhì)是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的要求。(3分)
某地政府積極組織科技、文化、醫(yī)療三下鄉(xiāng)活動。
6.人類從洪荒時(shí)代走到了文明的世紀(jì),人類的智慧創(chuàng)造了經(jīng)濟(jì)的奇跡,但無知與貪婪卻留下了可怕的后果:人類經(jīng)歷了禽流感、非典、海嘯、地震等天災(zāi),環(huán)境污染、生態(tài)惡化,地球發(fā)出了痛苦的呻吟……人類的科技發(fā)現(xiàn)、發(fā)明與發(fā)展,可能會降低天災(zāi)帶來的危害,但不能根本消除這種災(zāi)害。人們漸漸從噩夢中覺醒:人與自然和諧共處,是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的唯一出路。
(3)結(jié)合材料,從認(rèn)識論的角度說明怎樣使人與自然和諧共處,實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展?(9分)
答案要點(diǎn) 人和自然和諧共處的實(shí)質(zhì)是人在實(shí)踐過程中,如何正確處理主觀能動性與客觀規(guī)律的關(guān)系問題。這要求人們在尊重客觀規(guī)律的基礎(chǔ)上,正確發(fā)揮主觀能動性。人類經(jīng)歷的很多災(zāi)難,都是人類活動違背自然規(guī)律的結(jié)果。(3分)
認(rèn)識需要在實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上不斷地深化、擴(kuò)展、向前推移。人與自然和諧相處,要不斷加深對人與自然關(guān)系的認(rèn)識。這需要人們在改造世界的實(shí)踐中不斷反思,深化對人與自然關(guān)系的認(rèn)識。(3分)
認(rèn)識對實(shí)踐有反作用。人類的實(shí)踐活動,只有在對人與自然關(guān)系的正確認(rèn)識指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)人與自然的和諧相處,推動可持續(xù)發(fā)展。(3分)
7.(32分)閱讀材料,回答問題:
(1)分析圖9,說明國家使用的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策對解決“三農(nóng)”問題的重要作用。(6分)
答題要點(diǎn)為:
圖9說明,國家使用財(cái)政政策,加大財(cái)政投入,支持“三農(nóng)”。(2分)有利于加快農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè),促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。(2分)有利于推進(jìn)農(nóng)村各項(xiàng)社會事業(yè)(也可以說科、教、文、衛(wèi)等)的發(fā)展,提高農(nóng)民生活水平。(2分)
(2)結(jié)合圖10,運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)常識,分析說明國家重視農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村工作的原因。(6分)
答題要點(diǎn)為:
①消費(fèi)對生產(chǎn)具有反作用。擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需,實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展,必須開拓農(nóng)村市場,挖掘農(nóng)村市場的潛力。(2分)②農(nóng)業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ),糧食是國家生存與安全的最重要支柱。實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展,必須保證糧食安全,鞏固農(nóng)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)地位。(2分)③共同富裕是社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的根本目標(biāo)。沒有農(nóng)民的富裕,就沒有全國人民的共同富裕。實(shí)現(xiàn)全面小康,必須以保障和改善農(nóng)民的生存狀態(tài)為重點(diǎn)。(2分)
(3)簡要分析國家重視農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村工作的政治學(xué)依據(jù)。(8分)
答題要點(diǎn)為:
國家重視農(nóng)村工作,是由我國人民民主專政的國家性質(zhì)決定的。(2分)是貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的需要。(2分)是國家覆行組織和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè),發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力,提高人民生活水平的經(jīng)濟(jì)職能的需要。(2分)是國家機(jī)構(gòu)堅(jiān)持對人民負(fù)責(zé)的組織活動原則的需要。(2分)
8.中美關(guān)系在建交31年的歷史中,明顯地存在周期性的波動。四年一度的美國大選,幾乎每次都會出現(xiàn)一些“中國問題綜合征”,中美關(guān)系總會受到政黨輪替的沖擊。2008年的美國總統(tǒng)大選首次打破了這個(gè)“周期律”。在全球金融危機(jī)的背景下,中美關(guān)系在新一輪的大選和政權(quán)輪替過程中保持了高度的穩(wěn)定性和連續(xù)性。2009年1月,剛剛宣誓就職的奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在給胡錦濤主席的電話中明確表示:“對中美兩國而言,沒有比兩國關(guān)系更為重要的雙邊關(guān)系”;“作為世界上兩個(gè)最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)體,中美兩國加強(qiáng)合作至關(guān)重要”。
(3)試用兩點(diǎn)論和重點(diǎn)論相統(tǒng)一的觀點(diǎn),分析中美關(guān)系的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。(10分)
答題要點(diǎn)為
兩點(diǎn)論要求我們在分析事物的矛盾時(shí),既要看到矛盾的主要方面,又要看到矛盾的次要方面。(2分)中美在其建交31年的歷史過程中,合作與沖突始終存在。(2分)②重點(diǎn)論要求我們在分析事物的矛盾時(shí),要著重把握它的主要方面。(2分)由于共同應(yīng)對金融危機(jī)的需要,雙方的共同利益決定,合作成為矛盾的主要方面。(2分)
③我們要把兩點(diǎn)論和重點(diǎn)論統(tǒng)一起來,既要全面,又要抓住主流和方向。(2分)
9.“利以義制,名以清修”是晉商所信奉的做人和行商的準(zhǔn)則。意思是說:用道義來制衡利益,用清廉來培育名聲。即便以現(xiàn)代的觀點(diǎn)來看,這句話也不失為今人為人處世的原則。
(3)請結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)常識的知識,簡要說明“利以義制,名以清修”對企業(yè)成功的重要意義。(10分)
答題要點(diǎn)為
①良好的信譽(yù)和企業(yè)形象,對企業(yè)的生存競爭,有著至關(guān)重要的作用。(2分)“名以清修”可以使企業(yè)樹立良好的形象,使其在競爭中取得有利的地位。(1分)②誠實(shí)信用是現(xiàn)代市場交易活動的基本精神。(2分)“利以義制”可以幫助企業(yè)獲得市場,實(shí)現(xiàn)商品的價(jià)值。(1分)③誠實(shí)信用是社會主義精神文明建設(shè)的題中之義。(2分)企業(yè)都堅(jiān)持“利以義制,名以清修”,可以共同營造良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境,有利于市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的正常運(yùn)行。(1分)④商家在經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會效益上求雙贏,在獲利目的與獲利手段上求一致,才能取得真正的成功。(1分)
試題詳情
儀征中學(xué)2009屆高三英語5月質(zhì)量調(diào)研測試題
2009.05.17
本試卷分第一卷(選擇題)和第二卷(非選擇題)兩部分。共120分?荚囉脮r(shí)120分鐘。
注意事項(xiàng):
答題前,考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、班級、學(xué)號寫在答題紙的密封線內(nèi)。選擇題答案按要求填涂在答題紙上;非選擇題的答案寫在答題紙上對應(yīng)題目的答案空格內(nèi),答案不要寫在試卷上?荚嚱Y(jié)束后,將答題紙交回。
第一卷(三部分,共85分)
第一部分 聽力(共兩節(jié),滿分20分)(南通二模聽力5月)
做題時(shí),先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后,你將有兩分鐘的時(shí)間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題紙 (卡) 上。
第一節(jié) (共5小題;每小題1分,滿分5分)
聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后,你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。
1. When does the
first bus leave the campus on Saturday?
A. At 6:30 a.m. B. At 7:00 a.m. C.
At 7:30 a.m.
2. What is the man?
A. A
doctor.
B. A worker.
C. A player.
3. Where might the speakers go?
A. To a beach.
B. To a party.
C. To a concert.
4. What is the woman likely to do?
A.
Telephone Mr. Carter.
B. Send Mr. Carter a
fax. C. Visit Mr.
Carter’s office.
5. Why is the man making the phone call?
A. To book a ticket.
B. To see a patient.
C. To make an appointment.
第二節(jié) (共15小題;每小題1分,滿分15分)
聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前,你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,每小題5秒鐘;聽完后,各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。
聽下面一段材料,回答第6至8題。
6. What does the man think of the first
coffee table?
A. Too expensive. B.
Difficult to clean.
C. Unsuitable in color.
7. Which one is the man likely to buy?
A. The second one. B. The third one.
C. None of them.
8. What is the probable relationship between
the speakers?
A. Husband and
wife. B.
Master and servant. C.
Salesgirl and customer.
聽下面一段材料,回答第9至11題。
9. What has happened to the woman’s passport?
A. It is nowhere to be found.
B. It is packed in some bag.
C. It is no longer valid.
10. Why does the man ask the woman to hurry?
A. The
plane is taking off soon.
B.
There are many things to pack.
C. The
taxi is waiting for them.
11. Where does the conversation probably take
place?
A. At
home.
B. In a taxi.
C. At the airport.
聽下面一段材料,回答第12至14題。
12. What do you know about the
brochure?
A. It is a latest-edition map. B. It is for geography
students.
C. It costs the man nothing.
13. Which does the woman recommend
the man see?
A. Castles.
B. Camels.
C. Temples.
14. Where will the man go?
A. He will go nowhere. B. He will go to
Lantau.
C. He has not decided yet.
聽下面一段材料,回答第15至17題。
15. What is the Food Hall of Harrods famous for?
A. Huge
size of its stores.
B. Large varieties of food.
C. Rich
history of its building.
16. What is the Egyptian Hall like?
A. An
ancient building.
B. A world of antiques. C.
An Egyptian painting.
17. How many customers come to Harrods a day during
the sales?
A. About
30,000.
B. About 300,000.
C. About 1,500,000.
聽下面一段材料,回答第18至20題。
18. What can a
picture of a great building remind us of?
A. The
country it stands for.
B. The architect who designed it.
C. The time when it was built.
19. What will be
mentioned in the radio program?
A. The Eiffel Tower.
B. Importance of designing. C.
Building materials.
20. What does the speaker expect the students to do
in class?
A. Draw
some pictures. B. Take
some notes.
C. Describe the buildings.
第二部分 英語知識運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié),滿分35分)
第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)填空(共15小題;每小題1分,滿分15分)
請認(rèn)真閱讀下面各題,從題中所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該頁涂黑。
21. China will send
its first Mars Rover, Yinghuo-1, into ______ space by ____ Russian space rocket
in October 2009.
A. 不填;the B.
the; a
C. 不填; a D. the; the學(xué)
22.―Do you have
Mary's address?
―Sorry, I don't have it
______ me at present.
A.to B.on C.for D.from
23.―Can I ask
you a few straightforward questions about yourself?
―No problem.I like
______ when people are open and direct.
A.that B.this
C.it D.them
24.They live on
a busy road.There ______ be a lot of noise from the
traffic.
A.must B.may C.would D.could
25. Today the world is paying much more attention to,
obviously, ______ China
says and does.
A.
that
B. which
C.
what D.
how
26. --- Here' s the key to my car.
--- Thanks,
but I must know where you _________ it.
A.
will park B.
park
C. had parked D. parked
27. --Baby, did you have a sound sleep last night?
--No, never
slept_______
A. badly
B. better
C. worse
D. well
28. It is for this reason _______ you can' t wear a black
jacket at the party.
A. why
B. that
C. which
D. how
29. No matter how frequently _________, I always remember
never to stop improving myself.
A. praising
B. praised
C. to be praised D.
being praised
30. Under no circumstances, I was warned, _________ to
give the password to someone else.
A.
could I
B. I could C. I
was
D. was I
31. I'd get a job doing something exciting, ______ I could meet
interesting people and travel a lot.
A.
that
B. which C. when
D. where
32. What a pity! He
got nothing in ______ for his hard work.
A. award
B. prize C. reward D. result
33. ---- But you didn't tell me it was time to leave!
--- I did.
You must have been ________ by the performance.
A. carried away B. carried out C.
carried on
D. carried off
34. ---It is no good
continuing to work too hard like him.
---I agree, as the proverb goes, “_______”.
A.
Rome wasn’t built in one day. B.
A year’s plan starts with spring.
C. All work
and no play makes Jack a dull boy. D. The grass is greener on
the other side.
35.--How soon do you think the economy will recover?
---________?
A. What for B. Who knows C. Why not D. How come
第二節(jié) 完形填空(共20小題;每小題1分,滿分20分)
請認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
I moved to a new neighborhood
two months ago. In the house with a large 36
across the road lived a taxi driver, a single parent with two
school-age children. At the end of the day, he would 37 his taxi on the road. I 38 why he did not park it in the garage.
Then one day I learnt that he had
another car in his garage. In the afternoon he would come home 39 work, leave his taxi and go out for his 40 affairs in his other car, not in his
taxi. I felt it was 41 .
I was curious to see his personal
car but did not make it until I 42 to be outside one evening two weeks 43 , when the garage door was 44
and he drove out in his “own”
car: a Rolls-Royce(勞斯萊斯)! It shook me completely 45
I realized what that
meant. You see, he was a taxi driver. But 46 inside, he saw himself as something else:
a Rolls-Royce owner and a (an) 47 . He drove others in his taxi but
himself and his children in his Rolls-Royce. The world looked at his taxi and 48 him a taxi driver. But for him, a taxi
was just something he drove for a living. Rolls-Royce was something he drove
for a (an) 49 .
We go to bed every night and 50 every morning as parents or children, not
as bankers, CEOs or professors. We go for a 51 as close friends or go for a vacation as
a 52 . We love life as it is. Yet often,
we base our entire happiness and success on how high we 53 the social ladder―how much
bigger and better a 54 we have. And we ignore our Rolls-Royce,
by keeping it dusty in our garage. We should focus more on 55 we are than what we do!
36. A.
window
B.
garage
C. door
D. yard
37. A. park
B.
stop
C. check
D. repair
38. A.
knew
B.
understood
C. asked
D. wondered
39. A.
for
B.
out of
C. without
D. from
40. A.
business
B. national
C. personal
D. public
41. A.
wasteful
B. meaningful C. wonderful
D. plentiful
42. A.
appeared
B. intended
C. expected D. happened
43. A.
later
B.
more
C. ago
D. before
44. A.
broken B. fine
C. shut
D. open
45. A.
once
B.
before
C. when
D. until
46. A.
far
B.
deep C. long
D. little
47. A.
driver
B. engineer C. father D. son
48. A.
called
B. made
C. elected
D. turned
49. A.
experience
B. earning
C. life
D. position
50. A.
stay up
B.
wake up
C. stay home D. go home
51. A.
competition
B.
performance
C. debate
D. party
52. A.
family
B. company
C. team
D. whole
53. A.
build
B.
climb
C. stand
D. lay
54. A.
house
B. garage
C. car
D. taxi
55. A. who
B.
what
C. which
D. where
第三部分 閱讀理解(共15小題;每小題2分,滿分30分)
請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
(A)
When it comes to intelligence, human beings are the top
dogs of the animal kingdom. But in
recent years, scientists have
been documenting surprising intelligence and emotional depth in
animals ranging from honeybees
to elephants. Here are some amazing examples.
Janet Schmid, director of the Little River Zoo in Norman, Oklahoma,
learned a lot about the intelligence of capuchin monkeys. She and her husband adopted
a young male, named Bailey. The capuchin particularly liked taking car rides,
insisting that he insert the key and ride in the front passenger's seat. Now
Bailey has become a devoted painter. He uses brushes to create colorful,
abstract paintings, and prefers not to be disturbed.
Through a variety of birdlike
sounds, prairie dogs warn each other of approaching creatures. They demonstrate
a surprisingly complex communication system. In his 25
years of study,
pronouncing ten
nouns including hawk, deer and coyote, a number of adjectives to identify
color, size and shape, and even some verbs to indicate speed. In an ongoing
study, Slobodchikoff learns that their brain contains a very extensive
vocabulary. He once used his best prairie dog sound to say coyote, and they
just looked at him in anger as if he had said a bad word. Ivy League Parrot One African grey
parrot Alex is said to have the cognitive
objects, seven
colors, five shapes, quantities up to six, and the concepts of bigger,
smaller, same and different. Also Alex is
considered to make reasoned decisions. During an experiment,
researchers gave Alex different-colored blocks in sets of two, three and
six. When asked which color group had five blocks, Alex replied, “None.
”And he answered the same in repeated tests. Obviously, he
interpreted the concept of “none” as an absence of quantity all on his own.
That’s a lot like a high school student answering questions on a quiz show. 56.Which of the
following is true? A.Bailey is as clever as a child of five. B.The prairie dog loves taking car rides. C.The capuchin monkey is fond of
painting. D.Alex develops a communication system. 57.The African
grey parrot Alex can
. A.a(chǎn)nswer
questions on a quiz show B.understand the figure “7” C.identify five colors and seven shapes D.a(chǎn)pply the concept of “none” correctly 58.What is the
passage mainly about? A.Animal
communication.
B.Animal research. C.Animal intelligence.
D.Animal information. (B) We
can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes
are about people. "Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen?"
"When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a
friend? Or did he envy my luck? " And Paul, why didn't pick up that he was
friendly just because I had a car?" When we look back, doubts like these
can make us feel bad. But when we look back, it's too late. Why
do we go wrong about our friends―or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides
their real meaning. And if we don't really listen we miss the feeling behind
the words. Suppose someone tells you, "You're a lucky dog, "and
that's being friendly. But "lucky dog"? There's a bit of envy in
those words. Maybe he doesn't see it himself. But bringing in the
"dog" bit puts you down a little, what he may be saying is that he
doesn't think you deserve your luck. "Just
think of all the things you have to be thankful for" is another noise that
says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to
get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped
up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn't important. It's
telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven't
got a date for Saturday night. How
can you tell the real meaning behind someone' s words? One way is to take a good
look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he
says agree with the tone of voice? His posture? The look in his eyes? Stop and
think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say
to you may save another mistake. 59. This passage is
mainly about ______. A. how to interpret what
people say B. what to do when you listen to others
talking C.
why we go wrong with people and how to avoid these
mistakes D.
why we go wrong with people sometimes 60. According to
the author, the reason why we go wrong about our friends is that . A.
we fail to listen carefully when they talk B. we tend to doubt what our
friends say C.
people tend to be annoyed when we check what they say D. people usually state one thing but mean another. 61. The underlined word
"it" in the second paragraph refers to______. A. being friendly B.
a bit of envy C. lucky dog D. your luck 62. When we listen to a person
talking, the most important thing for us to do is __. A. notice the way the person is talking B. take a good look
at the person talking C. mind his tone, his posture and the look in his
eyes D. examine the real meaning
of what he says based on his manner, his tone and his posture 63. The author is most
probably a ______. A. teacher B.
psychologist C.
philosopher D. doctor (C) “Image is everything.” An entire industry has been built
upon the precondition that image is everything, but when it comes down to it,
an appealing image is not enough. If there is no substance behind the image,
the product, service or person will fail at length.
20090507 Similarly, personal
consultants can build up a public image for politicians and movie stars. Putting
out positive news releases, making sure that only the best photographs are
published, and ensuring that the person is seen in all the right places can
build up a very positive image in the view of the general commons. But once
again, history is filled with examples of both politicians and movie stars that
fell from grace (體面) like the story of the Hollywood actor giving in to the
pressures of fame and fortune. With people, just as with products and services,
image is certainly important, but without positive substance behind the image,
failure is close. To summarize, it is clear
that an appealing image is extremely important to success, whether that image
is related to selling a product or service or to the " selling" of a
person. But image is only half of the equation. What lies behind that image is
every bit as important as the image itself―the person or product must deliver on
that image or there is little chance for long-term success. 64.Why did some
famous people fall from grace? A.Their images were not well built
up. B.They failed to live up to their images. C.They felt much pressure from the
public. D.They
paid little attention to fame and fortune.
A: Argument P:
Point C: Conclusion 66.The author
tries to argue that______. A.image
creates everything B.image is the key to success C.truth goes
hand in hand with image
D.truth and image are equally
important (D) Alone in the wilderness. Nothing but jungle. A world of shadow
with the rays of light falling like blonde hair from the crowns of the giant
trees. Jungle in the midday sun. Everything motionless. Not a sound from sky or
earth. Complete silence. Only some coconuts falling, at long intervals, very
far away. The world reduced to the soft touch of cool grass along my naked
back, and a sweet smell of rich soil and vegetation. Stretched out with closed
eyes beside my heavy burden of fruit and firewood, I enjoyed the feeling of
fresh blood streaming through every part of my body and fresh jungle air
filling every corner of my lungs. Resting motionless, I could see
the sun through my closed eyelids, alone in the sky, as lonely as I, and as
motionless and silent as everything else. The earth had surely stopped turning
and somewhere on this planet there was supposed to be roaring traffic in busy
streets. What a crazy, unbelievable thought! Another coconut fell, to make the
world come to a complete standstill. I had to roll over onto my stomach to feel
that at least I could move and make noises. Then I found company. A little
brown ant was struggling to find its way with a bit of dry straw through the
jungle of leaves and grass below my nose. I wondered if I could give the little
fellow a lift with its burden, but it showed not the slightest sign of
tiredness and struggled on with all six legs, head first or head last, waving
its feelers energetically as if the trip had just started. Who ever saw a tired
ant? Tiredness, unpleasant tiredness, is restricted to hunted animals, slaves
and modern man . It is as great an effort for an office clerk to walk five
blocks with a loaded brief-case as it is for a jungle-dweller (居民) to cross
a valley with a goat on his back. It is as hard to get up and climb or run when
you have been seated for years as it is to get up and walk when you have been
in bed for months. The body is strange. Spare it, and you get really tired for
almost nothing; use it, and almost nothing makes you really tired. I rose to my feet. I had heard a
horse neighing(嗨呵地用力) down in the valley. Above me, on the open highland plains, there
were wild horses. But down in the valley there was never a horse unless there
was a man on it. Somebody was making his way up the valley and my wife was
alone. 67.The author
mentions coconuts’ falling to
. A.show his
loneliness B.a(chǎn)dd beauty to the jungle C.express his
love of nature D.stress the absolute silence 68.How does the
author feel about the ant? A.He admired
its attitude toward work. B.He was amazed at its tireless efforts. C.He showed
sympathy for the little ant. D.He was content to have it as a companion. 69.It can be
inferred from the last paragraph that the author would probably
. A.work harder
than before B.talk to the man on the horse C.make his way home D.stay in the valley 70.We can learn
from the passage that the author
. A.enjoyed
being alone B.had an unforgettable adventure C.missed his
busy life in the city D.experienced a world of quietness 第二卷(兩部分,共35分) 第四部分
任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題;每小題1分,滿分10分) 請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意:每空格1個(gè)單詞。 I used to be the
messiest person alive. Over the years, through watching others and by trial and
error, I have finally found ways to come up with plans, organize them and
follow through with them. Make an outline of
everything you need to have and do to make your plan happen. Make a list of all
of the steps that need to be accomplished and think about what needs to be
done. Detail everything
thoroughly and read over it so you can start coming up with some mental
solutions of how to carry out your plans. You should ensure
that if for some reason way one doesn’t work, you have way two and way three to
lean back on. Therefore, different ways are needed at hand. It’s just a matter
of being organized. Chances are that there is always more than one way of doing
things, and chances are that if one of those ways doesn’t work, one of the
other ones will. Committing yourself
to finishing at least part if not all of your plan at once is also necessary.
It will show that you not only have initiative to get things rolling, but that
you are interested in the results obtained with making the move to get
everything done. If you make a
commitment to finish before a specific time, make sure that you carry that out,
and be sure to do everything in the way you said you would, within the
time-frame you set for yourself. Don’t try to tackle
more things all at a time. All that does is delay your progress, distract you
and make you lose your interest, motivation and energy. Carrying out an
effective plan requires being as organized as possible. You will only achieve
this by sticking to the order of the plan and not deviating or trying to do
more at a time. Last but not the
least, you should never abandon things mid-project. It will only annoy everyone
around you including yourself. Unfinished plans are a waste of time, energy
and, in some cases, even money. So, don’t be afraid
of organization. The older we get, the more necessary it becomes to have the
skills necessary to follow through with confidence and to be able to carry
through plans in an organized and manageable way. It pays to be organized,
after all. Title: Tips on
how to be (71)_________ in your life Tips Details (72)________ (73)______down your plan ◆List everything
you need ◆List
(74)________you will follow To make your plan
happen Prepare three (75)_________ ways to
carry out your plan To (76) ________
that you can have some other choices when one way doesn’t work (77) __________
to finish at least part of your plan if not all Do everything
(78)________ your own time-frame To show yourself
you are determined to get things started and caring about the results Do one thing at
once Stick to the
order of your plan To save your
interest, motivation and energy Finish what you
have started To get your plan
(79) ________out thoroughly. (80)______________ You shouldn’t be afraid of organization because it’s
really worthwhile. 第五部分
、書面表達(dá)(滿分。25分) 今年是改革開放三十周年。三十年來我國發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化,請你據(jù)此寫一篇英語短文,并談?wù)勛约旱母邢? 要求:1.列出大家熟悉的反映家鄉(xiāng)變化的喜事,如購新車、住新房、學(xué)生免費(fèi)接受義務(wù)教育等 2.列出國內(nèi)最近發(fā)生的一兩件大事, 如成功舉辦奧運(yùn)、“神舟七號”順利升空等 3.文章要表達(dá)出你的喜悅和自豪之情,并談?wù)勀愕母邢?/p> 注意:1.可以用你熟悉的其它事例,適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。 2. 詞數(shù):150字左右 3. 注意時(shí)態(tài)
參考詞匯
義務(wù)教育:compulsory education 舉辦: host 順利地:smoothly 儀征中學(xué)2009屆高三英語5月質(zhì)量調(diào)研測試題2009-5-17 試題詳情
鞍山市2009年高中畢業(yè)班第二次質(zhì)量調(diào)查 文科綜合能力測試 本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分。第Ⅰ卷1至8頁,第Ⅱ卷9至15頁。1至40題為必考題,41至44題為選考題?荚嚱Y(jié)束后,將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。 第Ⅰ卷 本卷共35道小題,每題4分,共140分。在每小題所給出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有一項(xiàng)是符合題目要求的。 下圖為某城市人口密度隨與市中心距離的變化曲線圖,讀圖完成1―2題。 1.該城市由市中心至7千米處的人口密度變化特點(diǎn)是 A.低―高―最低 B.最低―低―高 C.高―低―最低 D.最低―高―低 2.圖中標(biāo)注X的區(qū)域可能對應(yīng)城市中的 A.生態(tài)園林區(qū) B.中心商務(wù)區(qū) C.城市近郊區(qū) D.居民住宅區(qū) 下表為中國、日本、美國、法國四個(gè)國家2000年燃燒化石燃料排放二氧化碳的主要 指標(biāo),讀下表完成3―5題。 國家 人口 (百萬) GDP(1995年) (十億美元) 一次能源供應(yīng) (百萬噸油當(dāng)量) CO2排放 (百萬噸) ① 275.42 8986.90 2299.67 5665.44 ② 1262.46 1040.31 1142.44 2996.77 ③ 126.92 5680.57 524.71 1154.85 ④ 60.43 1755.62 257.13 373.26 3.①②③④所代表的國家依次是 A.中國、日本、美國、法國
B.美國、中國、法國、日本 C.美國、中國、日本、法國
D.中國、美國、日本、法國 4.關(guān)于上述四國,下列敘述正確的是 A.①國的能源結(jié)構(gòu)以煤炭為主
B.②國單位GDP排碳量最高 C.③國人均排碳量最低
D.④國的能源主要依靠水電 5.近年來中國為節(jié)能減排做出了巨大努力,采取的主要措施包括:①政策支持;②降低能源結(jié)構(gòu)中煤炭的比重;③全部關(guān)閉高耗能、高污染企業(yè);④促進(jìn)新能源、可再生能源發(fā)展。 A.①②③
B.②④
C.①②④
D.①②③④ 科學(xué)家觀測研究表明,近30年來我國沿海海平面總體上升了9厘米,但沿海各省、市、自治區(qū)海平面的上升幅度并不相同(見下圖)。據(jù)此完成6―8題。 6.圖中顯示我國沿海地區(qū)海平面上升的幅度是 A.北方沿海高于南方沿海
B.南方沿海高于北方沿海 C.緯度越低,氣溫越高,升幅越大 D.中部沿海低,南、北部沿海高 7.天津和上海沿海海平面上升幅度不同于其他沿海地區(qū)的主要原因是 A.全球氣候變暖,極地冰川融化 B.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá),對地下水需求量大 C.地勢低平,海平面上升
D.厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象引發(fā)的氣候異常 8.對我國沿海海平面上升幅度的分析,主要采用了 A.遙感系統(tǒng)
B.地理信息系統(tǒng) C.全球定位系統(tǒng)
D.遙感系統(tǒng)和全球定位系統(tǒng) 下圖中AB為緯線,AC、BD為經(jīng)線,CD為晨昏線,P點(diǎn)為AB與CD的切點(diǎn)。讀圖完成9―11題。
9.P點(diǎn)位于 A.南北回歸線上及南北回歸線之間 B.北回歸線以北和南回歸線以南 C.北極圈及其以北和南極圈及其以南 D.所有緯度都有可能 10.當(dāng)P點(diǎn)緯度為一年中最低值時(shí),下列現(xiàn)象可能出現(xiàn)的是 A.華北平原的雨帶正向北移
B.正是北極科考的最佳時(shí)節(jié) C.太陽直射點(diǎn)位于赤道附近
D.地中海沿岸溫和多雨 11.當(dāng)北京時(shí)間13點(diǎn)時(shí),在A點(diǎn)測得北極星的仰角為70°,則該日D地比C地日出 A.早4小時(shí) B.早2小時(shí) C.晚2小時(shí) D.早6小時(shí) 12.一個(gè)江洋大盜,被稱為“世界上的頭號竊賊”,它一出現(xiàn)就不聲不響地從所有人手中竊取財(cái)富。不過這個(gè)大盜卻也是世界上最慷慨的施舍者,“它對債務(wù)人、不動產(chǎn)所有者的贈予超過了所有慈善事業(yè)、捐獻(xiàn)、捐贈的總和”。這個(gè)讓有些人發(fā)財(cái)有些人崩潰的家伙,就是 A.通貨膨脹 B.人民幣升值
C.通貨緊縮
D.加息 13.在社會經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中,有時(shí)會出現(xiàn)通貨緊縮現(xiàn)象,表現(xiàn)為物價(jià)全面持續(xù)下跌,通常伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退出現(xiàn)。以下能作為應(yīng)對通貨緊縮的措施的是 ①政府采取緊縮性財(cái)政政策 ②央行降低存貸款利息率 ③發(fā)行國債,增加政府投資 ④擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)尤其是居民消費(fèi) A.①②③
B.①②④
C.①③④
D.②③④ 14.受三鹿嬰幼兒奶粉事件的影響,消費(fèi)者對奶粉質(zhì)量安全的信任度驟降,廣大奶農(nóng)因企業(yè)減少原奶收購面臨損失。2008年10月9日,中央財(cái)政緊急撥付了奶農(nóng)臨時(shí)救助補(bǔ)貼資金3億元,重點(diǎn)支持內(nèi)蒙古、河北、遼寧、山西、山東、河南六個(gè)奶業(yè)主產(chǎn)。▍^(qū))特別困難的奶農(nóng)。這說明 A.國家通過財(cái)政支持基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)
B.財(cái)政促進(jìn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行 C.財(cái)政是促進(jìn)社會公平、改善人民生活的物質(zhì)保障 D.國家通過財(cái)政刺激牛奶市場需求 15.2008年12月28日,全國人大常委會向社會全文公布《社會保險(xiǎn)法(草案)》,廣泛征求各方面意見和建議。全國人大常委會是 A.我國最高國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)
B.全國人大的執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān) C.我國最高國家司法機(jī)關(guān)
D.全國人大的常設(shè)機(jī)關(guān) 16.2009年1月7日,針對我國嚴(yán)峻的就業(yè)形勢,國務(wù)院召開常務(wù)會議部署做好高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)工作,會議研究確定了加強(qiáng)高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)工作的七項(xiàng)措施。這是政府行使( )的職能。 A.保障人民民主
B.組織文化建設(shè) C.提供社會公共服務(wù)
D.組織經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè) 17.2008年5月21日,第十一世班禪額爾德尼?確吉杰布在北京雍和宮主持為在四川汶川大地震中遇難同胞的祈愿法會,他獨(dú)誦超度祈禱經(jīng),超度亡靈,祈福消災(zāi)。這說明 A.我國宗教成為教徒獨(dú)立自主自辦的事業(yè) B.我國宗教的本質(zhì)和狀況發(fā)生了根本變化
C.在我國,宗教的積極作用是主要的
D.我國宗教能夠與社會主義社會相適應(yīng) 18.文化對人的影響就像是“隨風(fēng)潛入夜,潤物細(xì)無聲”,這主要強(qiáng)調(diào) A.文化影響人是深遠(yuǎn)持久的 B.文化影響人是潛移默化的 C.文化影響人是主動感悟的 D.文化影響人是形式各異的 19.推動社會主義文化大發(fā)展大繁榮,必須大力建設(shè)社會主義核心價(jià)值體系。社會主義核心價(jià)值體系的基本內(nèi)容包括: ①馬克思主義指導(dǎo)思想 ②中國特色社會主義共同理想 ③以愛國主義為核心的民族精神和以改革創(chuàng)新為核心的時(shí)代精神 ④社會主義榮辱觀 A.①②③ B.①②④ C.①③④ D.①②③④ 20.2008年7月30日,國務(wù)院常務(wù)會議決定,從2008年秋季學(xué)期開始,在全國范圍內(nèi)全部免除城市義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生學(xué)雜費(fèi),至此,我國實(shí)現(xiàn)了義務(wù)教育的完全免費(fèi),這有利于 ①落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀,推進(jìn)社會主義和諧社會建設(shè) ②發(fā)揮教育在現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中的先導(dǎo)性、全局性、基礎(chǔ)性作用 ③保障公民實(shí)現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和文化權(quán)利 ④實(shí)施科教興國戰(zhàn)略和人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略 A.①②③
B.②③④ C.①③④
D.①②④ 21.“信心要比黃金和貨幣還要重要”。這句話反映了 A.物質(zhì)決定意識
B.意識是物質(zhì)的反映 C.意識具有能動的反作用 D.意識決定物質(zhì) 22.“寫的完美的傳記跟活得完美的人生一樣罕見”有人引用英國作家卡萊爾的話評價(jià)電影 《梅蘭芳》,這句評價(jià)看到了 A.矛盾具有特殊性 B.矛盾具有客觀性 C.矛盾具有普遍性 D.矛盾具有多樣性 23.黨的十七屆三中全會指出:堅(jiān)持把解決好農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民問題作為全黨工作重中之重。這體現(xiàn)的哲學(xué)道理是 A.辦事情要著重把握矛盾主要方面
B.堅(jiān)持對具體問題作具體分析 C.堅(jiān)持一切從實(shí)際出發(fā),實(shí)事求是
D.辦事情要著重把握主要矛盾 24.七月初七是中國傳統(tǒng)的“乞巧節(jié)”(學(xué)習(xí)紡織工藝的節(jié)日)。它起源于我國古代“牛郎與織女”的美麗傳說。這一節(jié)日形成的原因是 A.古代人民對美好愛情的向往 B.人們對神話傳說的鐘愛 C.自然經(jīng)濟(jì)長期占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位 D.人們對牛郎與織女遭遇的同情 25.宋代大儒張載提出:“為天地立心,為生民立命,為往圣繼絕學(xué),為萬世開太平”。對這句話的理解不正確的是 A.反映了當(dāng)時(shí)學(xué)者匡時(shí)濟(jì)世的理想追求 B.反映了理學(xué)家們關(guān)注國計(jì)民生的價(jià)值取向 C.說明理學(xué)反對封建專制統(tǒng)治
D.說明理學(xué)當(dāng)時(shí)有利于維護(hù)社會政局的穩(wěn)定
26.“萬物的存在與否,全在于人的感覺。一陣風(fēng)吹過,有人感覺冷,有人感覺涼爽。難受與愜意全在于人感覺!碧岢錾鲜鲇^點(diǎn)的哲學(xué)家是 A.普羅塔哥拉 B.蘇格拉底
C.伏爾泰
D.王陽明 27.消費(fèi)價(jià)格指數(shù)是反映消費(fèi)品價(jià)格變動趨勢和程度的相對數(shù),價(jià)格越高,價(jià)格指數(shù)越大。下表是英國歷史上消費(fèi)品價(jià)格指數(shù)變化情況,形成表中價(jià)格指數(shù)變化的主要原因是 年份 1475 1521 1555 1558 1559 1595 1597 價(jià)格指數(shù) 100 167 270 370 407 515 685 A.生產(chǎn)萎縮使產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)越來越少 B.殖民掠奪使金銀輸入越來越多 C.貴族追求享受大量購買奢侈品
D.資本主義制度在英國已經(jīng)確立 28.從下圖可以讀取的信息有 ①蒸汽機(jī)已用于交通運(yùn)輸 ②工業(yè)革命破壞了自然環(huán)境 ③工業(yè)革命使世界市場最終形成 ④工業(yè)革命使社會日益分裂為兩大對立階級 A.①② B.①②④ C.②③④ D.①②③④
29.1824年,空想社會主義者歐文在美國購買了3萬英畝土地,建立了許多“公社”,實(shí)行人人勞動,按需分配制度。然而,這些“公社”不久都瓦解了,其根本原因是 A.社員們思想覺悟太低 B.人們不理解他的主張 C.超越了歷史發(fā)展階段
D.缺乏大量的后續(xù)資金 30.陳旭麓在《近代中國的新陳代謝》中指出:“自西方人1514年到中國起,是他們積325年的窺探之后一逞。對于中國人來說,這場戰(zhàn)爭是一塊界碑。它銘刻著中世紀(jì)古老的社會在炮口的逼迫下趕往近代的最初的一步,”這場戰(zhàn)爭是指 A.鴉片戰(zhàn)爭 B.第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭 C.中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭 D.八國聯(lián)軍侵華戰(zhàn)爭 31.《中國近代經(jīng)濟(jì)史綱》記載1922年一位民族資本家言:“我之廉價(jià)工人,彼(日本)亦得而使用;我之豐富原料,彼(日本)亦得而購買,就地制造,就地賣出,運(yùn)費(fèi)既省,關(guān)稅無多,我之便利即彼之便利。況彼來者皆該國一流工廠,資本較吾雄厚,技術(shù)較吾高深,對工廠之管理經(jīng)營,亦皆養(yǎng)之有素,吾更何恃而不恐,吾將何術(shù)以善后。”結(jié)合材料及所學(xué)知識分析,你認(rèn)為解決這種態(tài)勢必須 A.發(fā)動群眾性的反帝愛國斗爭,抵制洋貨 B.建立民國,為民族資本主義發(fā)展掃除障礙 C.沖破封建主義和外國資本主義雙重壓迫 D.首先完成反帝反封建的任務(wù)
32.2009年是新中國成立60周年,60年前,毛澤東站在天安門城樓上莊嚴(yán)宣告“中國人民從此站起來了”下列選項(xiàng)中,與中國人民從此站起來了這一結(jié)論相符的是 A.解放戰(zhàn)爭取得勝利 B.半殖民地半封建社會結(jié)束 C.抗美援朝取得勝利 D.社會主義改造基本完成 33.1958年,政治局?jǐn)U大會議公報(bào)指出:“經(jīng)過第二個(gè)五年計(jì)劃的努力,我們將建成社會主義,并且在第三個(gè)第四個(gè)五年計(jì)劃期間向共產(chǎn)主義過渡準(zhǔn)備物質(zhì)和思想的某些條件。”在此思想的指導(dǎo)下,經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中出現(xiàn)了 ①社會主義過渡時(shí)期總路線
②國民經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整的“八字方針” ③大躍進(jìn)運(yùn)動
④人民公社化運(yùn)動 A. ①②
B.③④
C.①④ D.②④
34.2008年12月15日,是一個(gè)值得銘記的日子。這一天,大陸與臺灣基本實(shí)現(xiàn)直接“三通”。它表明 A.兩岸關(guān)系進(jìn)入新的和平發(fā)展時(shí)期 B.海峽兩岸統(tǒng)一市場形成 C.臺灣當(dāng)局接受“一國兩制”方針
D.祖國統(tǒng)一障礙徹底掃除 35.某學(xué)者某場學(xué)術(shù)演講提綱如下圖所示,你認(rèn)為,該學(xué)者演講的主題是 演講主題
例證 瓦特――英國工業(yè)革命 法拉第――第二次科技革命 愛因斯坦――第三次科技革命 …… A.重大科學(xué)理論的出現(xiàn)是科技革命的先導(dǎo) B.歐洲是當(dāng)今世界科技中心 C.偉大的科技革命造就偉大的科學(xué)家 D.偉大的歷史人物推動歷史進(jìn)程的大發(fā)展 文科綜合能力測試 第Ⅱ卷 本卷包括必考題和選考題兩部分,第36―40題為必考題,每個(gè)試題考生都必須做答;第41―44題為選考題,考生根據(jù)要求做答。 必 考 36.(28分)下圖為某島多年平均氣溫和降水量分布圖。讀圖回答下列問題。 (1)根據(jù)圖示信息估算該島面積約為 平方千米;相對高度H: 米<H< 米。(6分) (2)依圖分析說明該島地形地勢特征。(10分) (3)該島的降水分布特點(diǎn)是 。(4分) (4)該島有可能分布在南半球的熱帶海區(qū)還是溫帶海區(qū)?請說明理由。(8分) 37.(28分)閱讀下列材料,回答下列問題。 材料一:山東省地形和承接產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移示意圖
材料二:2007年3月20日,中國環(huán)境報(bào)發(fā)表文章《構(gòu)建生態(tài)工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)――山東海化集團(tuán)的循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)模式評述》。文章說,;瘓F(tuán)充分發(fā)揮地下鹵水和淺海灘涂兩大資源優(yōu)勢,創(chuàng)造了海水“一水六用”,形成了溴、堿、苦鹵化工、精細(xì)化工等多個(gè)系列,精心打造成以上下游產(chǎn)品接續(xù)成鏈、關(guān)聯(lián)產(chǎn)品復(fù)合成龍、資源循環(huán)綜合利用為特色的海洋化工生態(tài)工業(yè)體系。在這個(gè)全國最大的海洋化工生態(tài)基地,我們看到的是“大海共藍(lán)天一色,海鳥與白云齊飛”。 (1)壽光有“中國蔬菜之鄉(xiāng)”的美譽(yù),也是冬暖式蔬菜大棚的發(fā)祥地。簡要分析該市反季節(jié)蔬菜生產(chǎn)有利的自然條件。(6分) (2)改革開放以來,山東省利用的外資來源很多。簡述山東省吸引外國企業(yè)投資辦廠的區(qū)位優(yōu)勢條件。(12分) (3)山東省在承接外來企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移中應(yīng)注意哪些問題?(4分) (4)分析山東;瘓F(tuán)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展模式的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)。(6分) 38.(21分)閱讀材料,完成下列要求。 某校對外開放日,高三(1)班開設(shè)了一堂以“與父母對話”為主題的班會課,邀請了部分學(xué)生家長到班參加交流。 在班會活動中,不少學(xué)生紛紛發(fā)表了想對父母說的話:“我愛我父母,但我希望我的家庭沒有任何矛盾,父母不吵架,與子女間沒有代溝,共筑和諧家庭!薄拔蚁雽Ω改刚f,爸爸媽媽,你們什么都好,就是有一點(diǎn)喜歡干涉我交友的權(quán)利,不讓我與問題學(xué)生交往。” 不少家長也發(fā)表了自己的看法:“我孩子不能正確對待排名,排在前面沾沾自喜、驕傲自滿;排在后面灰心喪氣,一蹶不振。為此我想對孩子說,謙虛使人進(jìn)步,驕傲使人落后;失敗乃兵家常事,生活的道路不可能一帆風(fēng)順!痹趯σ粋(gè)學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)評價(jià)中,學(xué)生道德品德或公民素養(yǎng)也是很重要的,我們做父母的不能僅僅看到子女的成績,但丁說過這樣一句話‘道德常常能填補(bǔ)智慧的缺陷,而智慧永遠(yuǎn)也填補(bǔ)不了道德的缺陷!袑W(xué)生正處在價(jià)值觀的形成時(shí)期,思想上來不得半點(diǎn)偏差! (1)運(yùn)用所學(xué)《生活與哲學(xué)》的知識對學(xué)生與家長的話進(jìn)行評析。(10分) (2)運(yùn)用所學(xué)《文化生活》的知識談?wù)勀銓Α暗赖鲁3D芴钛a(bǔ)智慧的缺陷,而智慧永遠(yuǎn)也填補(bǔ)不了道德的缺陷!钡睦斫狻#8分) (3)假如你是該班學(xué)生,通過這次班會活動,你將在今后的生活中以怎樣的行為感恩自己的父母?(至少寫出三種)(3分) 39.(31分)閱讀材料,完成下列要求。 材料一 :把鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)業(yè)擺到就業(yè)工作的突出位置,這是科學(xué)分析我國就業(yè)形勢,并依、 據(jù)創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)的倍增效應(yīng)提出來的。勞動者在創(chuàng)業(yè)的時(shí)候,不但解決了自己的就業(yè)問題,還可以通過合伙創(chuàng)業(yè)、組建公司等方式帶動更多的人就業(yè)。實(shí)踐證明,在我國目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)下,一個(gè)職工創(chuàng)業(yè)一般可以帶動五個(gè)職工實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)。 材料二 :2008年7月,三位即將畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生就擇業(yè)問題發(fā)表了自己的看法: 同學(xué)甲:我要根據(jù)自身專業(yè)特長、興趣愛好和能力,自主規(guī)劃自己的職場生涯。 同學(xué)乙:我要找一份很體面的工作,最好是國家公務(wù)員,不能讓別人瞧不起。 同學(xué)丙:只要能給我安排一個(gè)比較固定的工作,沒有失業(yè)之憂,就心滿意足了。 材料三 :黨的十七大報(bào)告提出,改善民生,要深化收入分配制度改革,縮小收入分 配差距。 (1)結(jié)合材料一,簡要說明創(chuàng)業(yè)的倍增效應(yīng)是如何體現(xiàn)唯物辯證法觀點(diǎn)的?(8分) (2)簡要評析材料二中三位同學(xué)的擇業(yè)就業(yè)觀,并為正在找工作的高校畢業(yè)生提兩點(diǎn)合理化建議。(10分) (3)結(jié)合材料三,說明黨和國家為什么關(guān)注民生問題?(13分) 40.(37分) 如今金融危機(jī),從美國向全球蔓延,美國和歐洲的銀行業(yè)首當(dāng)其沖,已有多家大型金融機(jī)構(gòu)陷入危機(jī),一時(shí)間,世界仿佛回到幾十年前經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條時(shí)代。閱讀下列材料: 材料一 次貸危機(jī)從2007年8月席卷美國、歐盟和日本等世界主要金融市場。面對這場百年一遇的金融危機(jī),2008年9月20日,美國總統(tǒng)布什向國會提交了一項(xiàng)總額達(dá)7000億美元的金融救援計(jì)劃。9月29日,眾議院以228票反對、205票支持的結(jié)果否決了這項(xiàng)救援計(jì)劃。為讓持反對意見的議員改主意,布什政府對救援計(jì)劃做出些許改動,并全力開展游說工作。改動后的計(jì)劃10月1 日獲參議院批準(zhǔn),10月3日,眾議院重新投票,以263票對17l票通過修改過的金融救援計(jì)劃,總統(tǒng)布什隨即將之簽署生效。 ――中國新聞網(wǎng) 材料二 2008年12月6日,美國新當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)奧巴馬通過民主黨每周廣播講話重申他的最新“經(jīng)濟(jì)振興”計(jì)劃,透露至少創(chuàng)造250萬個(gè)就業(yè)崗位的5點(diǎn)具體構(gòu)想:大規(guī)模改造聯(lián)邦政府辦公樓,使之更加節(jié)能;大力投資公路和橋梁等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),將創(chuàng)造數(shù)百萬工作崗位,;大規(guī)模升級學(xué)校硬件設(shè)施,安裝節(jié)能系統(tǒng),創(chuàng)造“21世紀(jì)的學(xué)!;在美國各地推廣普及網(wǎng)絡(luò)寬帶,讓“每個(gè)孩子都有機(jī)會上網(wǎng)”;改進(jìn)醫(yī)院設(shè)施,確保這些地方能夠運(yùn)用“前沿科技”。 ――中國新聞網(wǎng) 材料三 2008年10月24日下午,第七屆亞歐首腦會議在北京正式拉開帷幕。會上,中國國家主席胡錦濤在開幕式上發(fā)表題為“亞歐攜手,合作共贏”的致辭,他呼吁世界各國“加強(qiáng)政策協(xié)調(diào)、密切合作、共同應(yīng)對”金融危機(jī)這一全球性挑戰(zhàn)。 ――騰訊網(wǎng) 材料四 第七屆亞歐首腦會議為亞歐政壇領(lǐng)袖創(chuàng)造了溝通平臺。梅德韋杰夫表示:“我們必須在制定全球經(jīng)濟(jì)新游戲規(guī)則的過程中占據(jù)主動的位置,最大限度地爭取自己的利益,并推廣一種能夠使全球金融體系更加民主和穩(wěn)定的制度。未來全球應(yīng)該要有更多的金融中心,更多種類的儲備貨幣和更加廣泛的決策機(jī)制,我已經(jīng)在多個(gè)場合強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn),這對俄羅斯以及我們的合作伙伴都是有利的! ――騰訊網(wǎng) 請回答: (1)材料一中“金融救援計(jì)劃”的運(yùn)作程序依據(jù)哪一部法律文獻(xiàn)?它體現(xiàn)了什么原則? 結(jié)合材料一加以說明。(12分) (2)簡要比較材料二中奧巴馬計(jì)劃與羅斯福新政措施的相似之處。與羅斯福新政相 比,奧巴馬的計(jì)劃有何新特點(diǎn)?(10分) (3)據(jù)材料三,指出各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人應(yīng)對危機(jī)的策略。結(jié)合相關(guān)史實(shí),分析他們采取上 述策略的原因。(9分) 試題詳情
福州教院二附中09屆高三歷史復(fù)習(xí)資料(三) 歷史問題分析的公式化概述 姓名 班級
座號 試題詳情
古代歷史文化常識匯編 一、
人的稱謂 【稱字】古人幼時(shí)命名,成年(男20歲、女15歲)取字,字和名有意義上的聯(lián)系。 對平輩或尊輩稱字出于尊敬。如稱屈平為屈原,司馬遷為司馬子長。 【稱號】名、字與號的區(qū)別是:前者由父親或尊長取定,后者由自己取定。號,一般只用于自稱,以顯示某種志趣或抒發(fā)某種情感;對人稱號也是一種敬稱。如:文天祥號文山,辛棄疾號稼軒。 【稱謚號】古代王侯將相、高級官吏、著名文士等死后被追加的稱號叫謚號。如稱陶淵明為靖節(jié)征士!痉Q籍貫】清末有一副飽含譏刺的名聯(lián):“宰相合肥天下瘦,司農(nóng)常熟世間荒!鄙下(lián)“合肥”指李鴻章(安徽合肥人)。 【稱郡望】昌黎(今遼寧義縣)韓氏為唐代望族,故韓愈常以“昌黎韓愈”自稱,世人遂稱其為韓昌黎。 【謙稱】舉例:(1)表示謙遜的態(tài)度,用于自稱。如愚、鄙、敝、卑、竊、臣、仆 (2)古代帝王的自謙詞有孤(小國之君)、寡(少德之人)、不谷(不善);讀書人的自謙詞有小生、晚生、晚學(xué)等;如果自謙為不才、不佞、不肖,則表示己沒有才能或才能平庸。(5)古人稱自己一方的親屬朋友時(shí),常用“家”、“舍”等謙詞。如家父等!吧帷比绾帷⒈稚,后者如舍弟、舍妹、舍侄等;對別國稱自己的國君為寡君。
【敬稱】表示尊敬客氣的態(tài)度,也叫“尊稱”。如:對帝王的敬稱有萬歲、圣上、圣駕、天子、陛下等。駕,本指皇帝的車駕。古人認(rèn)為皇帝當(dāng)乘車行天下,于是用“駕”代稱皇帝。仁,表示愛重,應(yīng)用范圍較廣,如稱同輩友人中長于自己的人為仁兄。 【特殊稱謂】如(1)百姓的稱謂。常見的有布衣、黔首、黎民、生民、庶民、黎庶、蒼生、黎元、氓等。
(2)不同的朋友關(guān)系之間的稱謂。貧賤而地位低下時(shí)結(jié)交的朋友叫“貧賤之交”; (4)年齡的稱謂。古人的年齡有時(shí)不用數(shù)字表示,而是用一種與年齡有關(guān)的稱謂來代替。 垂髫(tiao)是三四歲至八九歲的兒童(髫,古代兒童頭上下垂的短發(fā))。 總角是八九歲至十三四歲的少年(古代兒童將頭發(fā)分作左右兩半,在頭頂各扎成一個(gè)結(jié),形如兩個(gè)羊角,故稱“總角”)。 豆蔻是十三四歲至十五六歲。束發(fā)是男子十五歲(到了十五歲,男子要把原先的總角解散,扎成一束)。弱冠是男子二十歲(古代男子二十歲行冠禮,表示已經(jīng)成人,因?yàn)檫沒達(dá)到壯年,故稱“弱冠”)。 而立是男子三十歲(立,“立身、立志”之意)。不惑是男子四十歲(不惑,“不迷惑、不糊涂”之意)。 知命是男子五十歲(知命,“知天命”之意);资橇畾q。古稀是七十歲。耄(mao)耋(die)指八九十歲。期頤指一百歲。 古代職官 舉例 【尚書】最初是掌管文書奏章的官員。隋代始沒六部,唐代確定六部為吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工,各部以尚書、侍郎為正副長官 【節(jié)度使】唐代總攬數(shù)州軍政事務(wù)的總管,原只設(shè)在邊境諸州;后內(nèi)地也遍設(shè),造成割據(jù)局面,因此世稱“藩鎮(zhèn)”。 【刺史】原為巡察官名,東漢以后成為州郡最高軍政長官,有時(shí)稱為太守。 【太守】參見“刺史”條。又稱“郡守”,州郡最高行政長官。 【官職的任免升降】
“三省六部”制出現(xiàn)以后,官員的升遷任免由吏部掌管。官職的任免升降常用以下詞語: (1)拜。用一定的禮儀授予某種官職或名位。如《(指南錄>后序》中的“于是辭相印不拜”,就是沒有接受丞相的印信,不去就職。
(2)除。拜官授職,“予除右丞相兼樞密使”(《(指南錄>后序)》一句中的“除”,就是授予官職的意思。
(3)擢。提升官職,如《戰(zhàn)國策?燕策》:“先王過舉,擢之乎賓客之中,而立之乎群臣之上。”
(4)遷。調(diào)動官職,包括升級、降級、平級轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)三種情況。為易于區(qū)分,人們常在“遷”字的前面或后面加一個(gè)字,升級叫遷升、遷授、遷敘,降級叫遷削、遷謫、左遷,平級轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)叫轉(zhuǎn)遷、遷官、遷調(diào),離職后調(diào)復(fù)原職叫遷復(fù)。
(5)謫。降職貶官或調(diào)往邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)!对狸枠怯洝贰半泳┲喪匕土昕ぁ敝械摹爸啞本褪琴H官。
(6)黜!镑怼迸c“罷、免、奪”都是免去官職。如《國語》:“公將黜太子申生而立奚齊!
(7)去。解除職務(wù),其中有辭職、調(diào)離和免職三種情況。辭職和調(diào)離屬于一般情況和調(diào)整官職,而免職則是削職為民。
(8)乞骸骨。年老了請求辭職退休,如《張衡傳》:“視事三年,上書乞骸骨,征拜尚書! 試題詳情
鞍山市2009年高三畢業(yè)班第二次質(zhì)量調(diào)查 數(shù) 學(xué)(文科) 本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分。第Ⅰ卷1至2頁.第Ⅱ卷3至4頁。考試時(shí)間120分鐘。滿分150分。 注意:所有答案都必須填寫到答題卡指定位置上,寫在本試卷上的無效! 第Ⅰ卷(選擇題共60分) 試題詳情
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