23、 “                 shoes do you take?” “Size 42.”

       A．Which number      B．What number    C．What size               D．What

24、 “                 is the weather like today?” “ It’s windy.”

       A．What             B．How        C．What kind            D．Which

25、Would you read my composition and correct the mistakes,                ?

       A．if  have         B．if any             C．if ever                   D．if  not

26、                     is the distance between these two villages?

       A．How far         B．What              C．How long              D．How much

27、                     do you go to the cinema? Twice a month.

       A．How many time     B．How much    C．How long                    D．How often

28、How                     it in English?

       A．you say           B．do you speak  C．do you say             D．to speak

29、                     is the population of the city?

       A．How much            B．How many             C．How        D．What

30、                     did she get this information?

       A．Whom            B．Who        C．Where            D．What

31、                     does your watch cost? Two hundred yuan.

       A．How many     B．What price     C．What             D．How expensive

32、About                  do you want to know more?

       A．Whom            B．who                C．which             D．what

33、――We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.

       ――What do you suppose                 to her.

       A．was happening      B．to happen    C．has happened        D．having happened

34、――Have you heard the news about Jim?

       ――No. What                    ?

       A．is it                B．it is                 C．a(chǎn)re they          D．they are

35、――Would you rather go there by train or by air?

       ――           .

       A．Yes, I would           B．No, I wouldn’t    C．Yes, by air             D．By air

36、                     I go or                  you go yourself?

       A．Will…will             B．Shall…shall           C．Shall…will            D．Will…shall

37、――Do you think the question easy or not?

       ――           .

       A．Yes, I do                B．No, I don’t            C．It is easy         D．Yes, it’s easy

38、Shall we stay at home or                   to the park?

       A．to go              B．going              C．go                  D．will go

39、                     writer is better known in China, Charles Dickens or Mark Twain?

       A．Whichever      B．Whether         C．What             D．Which

40、――                     was the Nanjing-Changjiang Bridge open to traffic?

30、The Olympic Games,                in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.

       A．first playing   B．to be first played   C．first played     D．to be first playing

31、We saw the bird flap its wings and                  away.

       A．fly                  B．flied               C．flew                D．flying

32、I insisted that the dictionary                    to be bought at once.

       A．refers to         B．refer        C．referred          D．referring

33、                     , ice will be changed into water.

       A．Heating          B．Heated           C．If heating       D．To be heated

34、The foreigner seemed                 his way.

       A．to be losing            B．to have misse    C．to have lost              D．missed

35、Don’t leave me                   alone at home.

       A．to stay            B．stay                C．staying           D．stayed

36、Whatever                    must                     well.

       A．is to be done, be done   B．a(chǎn)re to do, do  C．is to do…be done    D．a(chǎn)re to be done, do

37、The officer ordered the wounded soldier                at once.

       A．to operate       B．be operated    C．was operated on    D．to be operated on

38、With the walls white                  , the room seems larger.

       A．painting         B．painted           C．to be painted         D．has been painted

39、――Can I help you?

       ――I’d like to have the shoes                  , for they are a bit smaller.

       A．changing        B．changed          C．to be changing       D．be changed

40、On hearing the news, the woman stood there                .

       A．frightened      B．frightening     C．to frighten             D．to be frightened

41、                     the train, they decided to wait for another.

       A．Missed            B．Missing           C．Having missed       D．Being missed

42、There                   no bus, I had to walk home.

       A．is                    B．was                 C．were               D．being

43、At present, there is a new airport and supermarket                     in the south of the town.

       A．built        B．to be built      C．being built            D．is being built

44、The young man told the doctor that he didn’t need                    his heart               .

       A．having, checked            B．to have, checked      C．having, to check     D．to have, to check

45、Try                the back door if nobody answers the front door.

       A．to knock at            B．knocking at    C．a(chǎn)nd knock at             D．a(chǎn)nd knocking at

46、We have to do something to stop wild animals                     .

       A．killing            B．to be killed     C．being killed           D．to kill

47、                     , we plan to hold a class meeting.

       A．Time permitting           B．Time permits   C．If time is permitted          D．Time permitted

48、With the boy                      the way, the soldiers got to the position in time.

       A．led                 B．leading           C．being led               D．was leading

49、The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth                    for him without delay.

       A．to weave         B．to be woven    C．to have woven       D．to be weaving

50、Look at his                  look. It seems as if he had met a               tiger.

       A．frightened, frightening               B．frightening, frightened

       C．frightened, frightened                D．frightening, frightening

51、                     , the players began the game.

       A．Having taken our seats               B．Taking our seats

       C．After we took our seats               D．Being taken the seats

52、                     him before, she didn’t know he was her uncle.

       A．Not having seen                          B．Having not seen

       C．Not seeing                                  D．Not being seen

53、                     many times, but he made the same mistake again.

       A．Having been told                        B．Although he had been told

       C．He had been told                        D．Having told

54、The glass of water is too hot. I prefer some cold                   water.

       A．boiled             B．boiling            C．to boil            D．having boiled

55、The little boy entered the classroom without                 .

       A．noticing          B．noticed           C．being noticed  D．notice

56、We’re considering               English in pairs after class.

       A．practising speaking                     B．practising to speak

       C．to practise speaking                    D．to practise to speak

57、                     the mixture, the teacher showed it around the classroom.

       A．To see                                         B．More students to see

       C．For more students to see             D．Seen

58、I apologize for                    my promise.

       A．not to keep     B．being kept      C．not having kept     D．having not kept

59、The book                     on the desk                  to her.

       A．lying, belonging                          B．lay, belong

       C．lying, belongs                             D．being lie, is belong

60、                     , Mary had to stay at home to look after her.

       A．Being ill         B．To be ill          C．Her mother was ill D．Her mother being ill

61、                     much English troubled him a lot.

       A．His not knowing                         B．Not he knowing

       C．His having not known                D．His not known

62、He won’t attend the meeting unless                to give a speech.

       A．invited           B．inviting          C．being invited         D．he will be invited

63、He got the first and won the prize as               .

       A．expected         B．expecting C．to be expected       D．expect

64、He stood there with his eyes                     me.

       A．fixing             B．fixing on         C．fixed to                 D．fixed on

65、Mother warned him                  after drinking.

       A．to never drive   B．never to drive    C．never driving        D．never drive

66、I remember                 something like that.

       A．that he say            B．him to say     C．his saying                   D．him having said

67、Did you smell something                   ?

       A．burnt             B．to burn           C．to be burning        D．burning

68、Because of air pollution, this city is no longer                .

       A．a(chǎn) good place to live in                 B．a(chǎn) good place for living in

       C．a(chǎn) good place to live                         D．a(chǎn) good place to be lived in

69、Let the day                  .

       A．to be remembered B．remembered    C．be remembered D．remember

70、His parents                  , the orphan is now taken care of by the villagers.

       A．dead        B．dying              C．have died              D．having died

71、Would you be                     to do me a favour?

       A．a(chǎn)s good as       B．so good as       C．enough good          D．good enough as

72、He had us                    all through the party.

       A．laughing         B．to laugh          C．laugh             D．laughed

73、The nurse suggested the old man                    , for he had a long time to wait.

       A．to sit down     B．sit down         C．would sit down      D．sat down

74、Those who have questions                 , raise your hands.

       A．a(chǎn)sked             B．a(chǎn)sk                 C．a(chǎn)sking                   D．to ask

75、This room is used               food.

       A．to store           B．storing            C．to storing              D．stored

76、We can’t keep our eyes                     to all this.

       A．shut               B．shutting          C．to shut                  D．shutted

77、I don’t feel like                   to the cinema.

       A．go                  B．going              C．gone               D．to go

78、                     you the truth, I don’t like the design he offered.

       A．Tell                B．Told        C．Telling                   D．To tell

79、                     at the station, they found the train                 .

       A．Arriving, going             B．Arrived, go    C．Arriving, gone                   D．Arrived, gone

80、What he said made us               .

       A．to surprise      B．surprise          C．surprising              D．surprised

[答案]：

       1、A             2、B             3、C             4、A             5、D             6、C

       7、A             8、A             9、D             10、B            11、D            12、A

       13、B            14、C           15、A           16、C           17、A           18、C

       19、A           20、A           21、C           22、A           23、C           24、D

       25、C           26、D           27、C           28、C           29、A           30、C

       31、A           32、C           33、B            34、C           35、C           36、A

       37、D           38、B            39、B            40、A           41、C           42、D

       43、C           44、B            45、B            46、C           47、A           48、B

       49、B            50、A           51、C           52、A           53、C           54、A

       55、C           56、A           57、C           58、C           59、C           60、D

       61、A           62、A           63、A           64、D           65、B            66、C

       67、D           68、A           69、C           70、D           71、B            72、A

       73、B            74、D           75、A           76、A           77、B            78、D

       79、C           80、D

十三、The Sentences

知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：

句子按使用的目的可分為四類：

1、陳述句           2、疑問(wèn)句           3、祈使句           4、感嘆句

從結(jié)構(gòu)上看句子可分為三種類型：

1、簡(jiǎn)單句           2、并列句           3、復(fù)合句

1、陳述句：

（1）肯定句：We love our motherland. 我們熱愛(ài)祖國(guó)。

（2）否定句：They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他們星期日不上班。

說(shuō)明：敘述或否定一個(gè)事實(shí)或看法。

2、疑問(wèn)句：

（1）一般疑問(wèn)句：

Are you a worker? 你是個(gè)工人嗎？

Yes, I am. 是的，我是工人。

Haven’t you seen the film?  No, I haven’t. 你沒(méi)看過(guò)這部電影嗎？沒(méi)看過(guò)。

說(shuō)明：以一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞be開(kāi)始的問(wèn)句�；卮鹨�用yes或no。

（2）特殊疑問(wèn)句：

Who is the man? 這人是誰(shuí)？

When do you watch TV? 你什么時(shí)間看電視？

What are they doing now? 他們現(xiàn)在正在干什么？

說(shuō)明：以一個(gè)疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞開(kāi)頭的句子一般要用倒裝句語(yǔ)序（或稱為疑問(wèn)詞加一般疑問(wèn)句）

（3）選擇疑問(wèn)句：

Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水還是要咖啡？哪種都行。

Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他學(xué)日語(yǔ)還是學(xué)法語(yǔ)？他學(xué)法語(yǔ)。

說(shuō)明：提出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的情況，選擇一個(gè)作為答案。

（4）反意疑問(wèn)句：

They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他們要去機(jī)場(chǎng)，是嗎？

You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你沒(méi)做完作業(yè)，是嗎？

說(shuō)明：提出情況或看法問(wèn)對(duì)方是否同意。在陳述句后附加一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的疑問(wèn)句，即前面句子肯定，后為否定；前面句子否定，后為肯定。

He seldom went to bed at ten, did he? 他很少在十點(diǎn)鐘上床睡覺(jué)？是嗎？

He knows little Russian, does he? 他幾乎不懂俄語(yǔ)，是嗎？

說(shuō)明：當(dāng)陳述句部分含有never, no, hardly, seldom, little等否定意義的副詞時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句用肯定形式。

（5）祈使句：

a．陳述句：Be sure to get there at eight. 八點(diǎn)鐘一定要到那兒。

b．否定句：Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 別擔(dān)心，我會(huì)幫助你的。

說(shuō)明：表示命令，請(qǐng)求，叮囑，號(hào)召等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。

（6）感嘆句：

what + n.：What great changes we have had these years! 這幾年我們有了多么大的變化啊！

What a fine day it is! 多好的天呀！

how + adj.：How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀！

how + adv. ：How hard they are working! 他們工作多努力呀！

How time flies! 時(shí)間過(guò)得多么快呀！

How + adj. + a (an) + n.How nice a boy (he is)！=What a nice boy he is! 多么好的孩子�。�

說(shuō)明：表示說(shuō)話時(shí)驚異，喜悅，氣忿等情緒。what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞、副詞或句子。

二、句子的類型（Types of Sentences）

1、簡(jiǎn)單句的句子的類型：一個(gè)主語(yǔ)+一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，例：

The girl plays the piano every day. 那女孩每天彈鋼琴。

兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)+一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，例：Tom and I are good friends. 湯姆和我是好朋友。

一個(gè)主語(yǔ)+兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，例：He opened the door and left. 他打開(kāi)門(mén)出去了。

兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)或兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)或更多，例：Mr and Mrs Smith went to the market, bought some fruit and visited their friends. 史密斯夫婦去市場(chǎng)，買(mǎi)了些水果，并看望了朋友。
結(jié)構(gòu)特殊：只含有一個(gè)詞或一個(gè)詞組，例：

Hello! 喂！

Help! Help! 救命��！救命！

Many thanks. 萬(wàn)分感謝。
2、簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型（The Basic Sentence Patterns）

句型結(jié)構(gòu)：

（1）主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：S + Vi.，例：
Birds fly. 鳥(niǎo)飛   They disappeared. 他們消失了。

（2）主 + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)：S + V + P，例：

She is a university student. 她是一名大學(xué)生。

He has become a pilot. 他已成為一名飛行員。

（3）主 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)：S + Vt + O，例：

He likes swimming. 他喜歡游泳。

We help each other. 我們互相幫助。

（4）主 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)：S + Vt + O + O，例：

I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告訴了我的朋友。

They sent us a telegram. 他們給我們拍了電報(bào)。

（5）主 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：S + Vt + O + C，例：

They named the boy Jack. 他們給孩子起名叫杰克。

I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八點(diǎn)前準(zhǔn)備好。

注：S = Subject（主語(yǔ)）Vi=Intransitive Verbs（不及物動(dòng)詞）Vt=Transitive Verb（及物動(dòng)詞）P=Predicative（表語(yǔ)）O=Object（賓語(yǔ)）C=Complement補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)：

否定陳述句要注意下列幾點(diǎn)：

（1）否定陳述句主要是在肯定句中加not或no (= not a /any) 構(gòu)成的，除not和no外，用具有否定意義的副詞也可構(gòu)成否定陳述句。常用的詞有hardly, seldom, never, little, scarcely, barely, rarely等。

（2）其他成分的否定形式

有些句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上屬于肯定式，但含有否定意義的詞，可分以下幾種。

否定的主語(yǔ)：

Nobody will agree with you. 沒(méi)人同意你的意見(jiàn)。

None of the students like the novel. 沒(méi)有學(xué)生喜歡這本小說(shuō)。

No student here studies Russian. 這里沒(méi)有一個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)俄語(yǔ)。
否定的賓語(yǔ)：

We saw nothing in the darkness. 在黑暗中我們什么都看不見(jiàn)。

He will borrow the book from nobody. 他從誰(shuí)那都借不來(lái)這本書(shū)。

You must remember not to be late for class. 你必須記住上課不準(zhǔn)遲到。

否定的狀語(yǔ)：

They came here not by bike but on foot. 他不是騎車來(lái)的而是走著來(lái)的。

We could find him nowhere. 我們什么地方也找不到他。

（3）不定代詞all, both, everyone或everybody用于否定句時(shí)，表示部分否定。

All the trees here are not apple trees. ( = Not all the trees here are apple trees. )

這里的樹(shù)并非都是蘋(píng)果樹(shù)。（有的是蘋(píng)果樹(shù)，有的不是。）

Both of the sisters are not nurses. ( = Not both of the sisters are nurses.)

這姐兒倆并不都是護(hù)士。

Everybody can’t do it. (= Not everybody can do it. )

并不是人人都能做這件事。

【專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練】：

一、陳述句和疑問(wèn)句：

1、They               happy when they hear the news.

       A．will                B．will be                   C．were        D．don’t

2、―― “ Is your uncle a driver?”

       ―― “                  .”

      A．No, but my aunt is       B．Yes, but my anut is   C．No, he doesn’t         D．Yes, he does

3、We                  satisfied with their work.

       A．don’t              B．a(chǎn)re not                  C．won’t             D．weren’t being

4、He                  coffee at all. He                  tea.

       A．doesn’t like, prefers                    B．likes, doesn’t prefer

       C．would like, not prefers                D．prefers, is not fond of

5、She                 me only twice since last year.

       A．sees                B．was seeing              C．has seen          D．have seen

6、My grandma                 in the country. Now she                    in the city.

       A．used to live, lives   B．used to living, lived   C．uses to live, is living       D．was used to live, lives

7、You                 make such mistakes again.

       A．should never   B．should not always   C．would always not             D．would not forever

8、 “Can you drive a car?” “                  .”

       A．Yes, and Jim can’t too  B．Yes, but Jim can’t  C．No, but Jim can, too   D．No, but Jim can’t

9、 “Are you going to the super market?” “ No,                 .”

       A．I cycle there    B．I walk there     C．to the work                    D．I’ve already been there

10、In England tea                   with milk or sugar in it.

       A．usually drinks              B．is usually drunk    C．usually is drunk  D．drank usually

11、 “Is she going to the post office?” “No,                  .”

       A．she doesn’t            B．she goes by bike    C．to the shops         D．she’s on the bike

12、Tom                     like reading at all. He                interested in playing basketball.

       A．doesn’t, is              B．doesn’t, were         C．is, does           D．was, is

13、When                   home from work?

       A．do your parents come   B．does your parents come  C．have your parentsD．our parents come

14、Which of the students                the examination?

       A．not pass          B．didn’t pass            C．pass                D．didn’t passed

15、They                    trouble lifting the heavy box.

       A．didn’t have many  B．hadn’t a lot of   C．didn’t have much   D．haven’t a great deal of

16、―― “Did you have breakfast this morning?

       ―― “                  .”

       A．Yes, I had       B．Yes, I did        C．No, I hadn’t   D．No, I didn’t have.

17、                     colour is the cover of the dictionary?

       A．What             B．Which            C．How        D．Whose

18、 “                 does he brush his teeth a day?” “Twice.”

       A．What time      B．How long        C．When             D．How many times

19、There are many pictures on the wall.

                            do you like best?

       A．What             B．Which one    C．Which of the picture   D．Which one picture

20、Since when                  her?

       A．did you know        B．have you known    C．do you know              D．you know

21、 “That ten pound note belongs to me.” “               .”

       A．Yes, it is          B．Yes, it belongs C．No it doesn’t         D．No, it isn’t

22、 “Would you rather wait or come back later?” “                        .”

       A．I’d rather come back    B．Yes, I’d rather not wait    C．No, I’d rather wait D．to come back

           語(yǔ)  態(tài)

  式

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

一般式

doing

being done

完成式

having done

having been done

否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞

1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。

2）被動(dòng)式：

He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。

3）完成式：

We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。

4）完成被動(dòng)式：

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過(guò)。

5）否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒(méi)聽(tīng)他的勸告。

6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動(dòng)名詞

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮巍?/b>

His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語(yǔ)給他帶來(lái)許多麻煩。

2、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：

1）作主語(yǔ)：

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。

當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。

It’s no use quarrelling. 爭(zhēng)吵是沒(méi)用的。

2）作表語(yǔ)：

In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國(guó)，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。

3）作賓語(yǔ)：

They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒(méi)有建好大壩。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。

注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ)，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則常用形式賓語(yǔ)it，例如：

We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。

要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認(rèn)），deny（否認(rèn)）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…（from）,protect…from,set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

4）作定語(yǔ)：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他沒(méi)有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？

5）作同位語(yǔ)：

The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收聽(tīng)收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。

（三）現(xiàn)在分詞：

現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：

現(xiàn)在

及  物  動(dòng)  詞  write

不及物動(dòng)詞go

分詞

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

一般式

writing

being written

going

完成式

having written

having been written

having gone

否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞

1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語(yǔ)。例如：

They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說(shuō)向公園走去。

Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開(kāi)始打蘭球。

2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。

The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。

Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告訴了好幾遍，這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。

2、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：

1）作定語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前，如果是分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)放在名詞后。

In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來(lái)的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。

現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改為the man who is speaking.

2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)：

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。

The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心。

be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：

如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：

see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱歌嗎？

He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門(mén)口等著。

4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)：

A）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：

(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。

B）作原因狀語(yǔ)：

Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。

C）作方式狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨：

He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。

D）作條件狀語(yǔ)：

(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。

E）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。

F）作目的狀語(yǔ)：

He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。

G）作讓步狀語(yǔ)：

Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。

H）與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：

I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽車時(shí)，一只鳥(niǎo)落到我頭上。

All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經(jīng)賣(mài)光了，他們失望地離開(kāi)了。

Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果時(shí)間允許，我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。

有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式

With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。

H）作獨(dú)立成分：

Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個(gè)演員。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，女孩子更細(xì)心。

（四）過(guò)去分詞：

過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。

過(guò)去分詞的句法功能：

1、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)：

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開(kāi)展了一次有組織的旅行。

Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。

注意當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞是單詞時(shí)，一般用于名詞前，如果是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，就放在名詞的后面。過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。

2、過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)：

The window is broken. 窗戶破了。

The were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。

注意be + 過(guò)去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。區(qū)別：

The window is broken.（系表）

The window was broken by the boy.（被動(dòng)）

有些過(guò)去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。如：

boiled water（開(kāi)水）                             fallen leaves（落葉）

newly arrived goods（新到的貨）   the risen sun（升起的太陽(yáng)）the changed world（變了的世界）

這類過(guò)去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

3、過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：

I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被唱了好幾次。

有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞做with短語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：

With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。

4、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)：

Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表?yè)P(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）

Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見(jiàn)，人們就忘不了。（表示時(shí)間）

Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時(shí)間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）

Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 雖然被告之危險(xiǎn)，他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。（表示讓步）

Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進(jìn)山洞。

5、過(guò)去分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：

All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的書(shū)期末時(shí)都還了，圖書(shū)管理員很高興。

The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他開(kāi)始撒種子。

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法對(duì)比

知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：

1、動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)往往表示普通的、一般的行為，不定式做主語(yǔ)常表示某次具體的行為。例如：

Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有關(guān)兒童健康的信息是他的工作。

It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 與一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題是有必要的。

2、常用不定式做主語(yǔ)的句型有：

（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do

（2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.

3、常用動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的句型有：

It’s no good (use, fun) doing.

It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.

It’s worth while doing.

1、不定式做表語(yǔ)常表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability. 他這節(jié)課的教學(xué)目的是要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說(shuō)的能力。

2、動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的解釋，這時(shí)主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)位置可以互換，動(dòng)名詞常用于口語(yǔ)中。

Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蟻后）的專職工作是產(chǎn)卵。

3、現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)與特征；進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

The task of this class is practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)）

With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）

4、常用作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行與主動(dòng)。

The joke is amusing .這笑話很逗人。

The problem is puzzling. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題令人不解。

5、過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)所處的被動(dòng)狀態(tài)或完成某動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)所承受的動(dòng)作。

The village is surrounded by high mountains.（過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)）

The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

He is well educated.（過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)）

He has been educated in this college for three years.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

常用在句中做表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞有：used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。

6、注意如下動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞用法不同：interest（使…感興趣），surprise（使…吃驚），frighten（使…害怕），excite（使…興奮），tire（使…疲勞），please（使…滿意），puzzle（使…迷惑不解），satisfy（使…滿意），amuse（使…娛樂(lè)），disappoint（使…失望），inspire（使…歡欣鼓舞），worry（使…憂慮）

它們的現(xiàn)在分詞常修飾物（有時(shí)修飾人），表示主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞常修飾人，表示被動(dòng)（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如：

Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。

They are very tired. 他們很疲勞

After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.

三、不定式與動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)：

1、下列動(dòng)詞跟不定式做賓語(yǔ)：want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。

2、在下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。

3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等動(dòng)詞后跟不定式與動(dòng)名詞意義不同，不定式表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.

He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我發(fā)信。）

I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了在一個(gè)普通信封上發(fā)現(xiàn)了那枚珍貴的郵票。

Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，記得給我們寫(xiě)信。

I don’t remember meeting him. 我不記得見(jiàn)過(guò)他。

I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party. 我很遺憾告訴你我不能去參加你的生日晚會(huì)了。

They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他們后悔同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃。

He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他盡力假裝與朋友分享歡樂(lè)。

She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow. 她試著看看小說(shuō)，但也不能使她忘記傷心事。

I didn’t mean to hurt you. 我沒(méi)有企圖傷害你。

A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不圖回報(bào)地幫助別人。

4、動(dòng)名詞作need, want, require, be worth的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。

The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）這臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)需要修理。

The point wants referring to. 這一點(diǎn)要提到。

This English novel is worth reading. 這本英文小說(shuō)值得一讀。

The situation in Russian required studying. 俄國(guó)形式需要研究。

1、以下動(dòng)詞后跟不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid

The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 醫(yī)生囑咐他再臥床休息幾天。

We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我們希望他留下來(lái)接受這個(gè)職位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做賓補(bǔ)。）

2、有些動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)用不帶“to“的不定式，這些動(dòng)詞有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如：

We noticed him enter the house. 我們留意到他進(jìn)了那所房子。

The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板讓他們一天干12小時(shí)工作。

注意當(dāng)make、have不做“迫使、讓”講，而做“制造、有”解時(shí)，跟帶有to的不定式做狀語(yǔ)。

Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 媽媽做了一個(gè)蛋糕給他慶賀生日。

He had a meeting to attend. 他有個(gè)會(huì)要開(kāi)。

3、下列動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)用分詞做賓補(bǔ)：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過(guò)去分詞做賓補(bǔ)，要看分詞與賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。例：

We heard him singing the song when we came in. 當(dāng)我們進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他正唱那首歌。

We have heard the song sung twice. 我們聽(tīng)過(guò)這首歌唱過(guò)兩遍了。

五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)：

1、不定式做定語(yǔ)放在所修飾的名詞后，表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的某一特定動(dòng)作。例如：

He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他沒(méi)有房子住卻有好多活要干。

Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我們班長(zhǎng)是第一個(gè)到的。

2、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：

動(dòng)名詞做定語(yǔ)說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的用途；現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾名詞進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

a walking stick 拐杖（動(dòng)名詞做定語(yǔ)，意為a stick for walking）

a sleeping car 臥鋪車廂（動(dòng)名詞做定語(yǔ)，意為a car for sleeping）

the rising sun 正在升起的太陽(yáng)（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)，意為the sun which was rising）

the changing world 變化中的世界（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)，意為the world which is changing）

3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)表示完成或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：

a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息（意同a piece of news which disappointed us）

in the following years 在后來(lái)的幾年中（意同in the years that followed）

a well dressed woman 衣著講究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）

a car parked at the gate 停在門(mén)口的小汽車（意同a car which was parked at the gate）

六、不定式與分詞做狀語(yǔ)：

1、不定式做狀語(yǔ)，只表示目的、結(jié)果或原因：

He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙趕到家中，發(fā)現(xiàn)錢(qián)被盜了。（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）

To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 為了被聽(tīng)清楚，他提高了嗓門(mén)。（目的狀語(yǔ)）

All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的進(jìn)步，我們都很吃驚。(原因狀語(yǔ))

2、分詞做狀語(yǔ)可表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式：

Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 從山上看，這座城市很美。（條件狀語(yǔ)）

Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 當(dāng)走進(jìn)房間時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)父親生氣了。（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）

Being tired, they went on working. 雖然累了，但他們繼續(xù)工作。（讓步狀語(yǔ)）

Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那個(gè)小男孩哭了。（原因狀語(yǔ)）

He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一個(gè)手指放進(jìn)嘴里，嘗了嘗，笑了，看起來(lái)挺高興。（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）

【專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練】：

1、They knew her very well. They had seen her                   up from childhood.

       A．grow              B．grew        C．was growing          D．to grow

2、Tom kept quiet about the accident                   lose his job.

       A．so not as to     B．so as not to     C．so as to not            D．not so as to

3、She reached the top of the hill and stopped                    on a big rock by the side of the path.

       A．to have rested        B．resting     C．to rest               D．rest

4、The next morning she found the man               in bed, dead.

       A．lying              B．lie                   C．lay                 D．laying

5、Only one of these books is                  .

       A．worth to read        B．worth being read    C．worth of reading      D．worth reading

6、The squirrel was lucky that it just missed                .

       A．catching         B．to be caught   C．being caught         D．to catch

7、Most of the people                to the party were famous scientists.

       A．invited           B．to invite          C．being invited         D．inviting

8、She didn’t remember                  him before.

       A．having met     B．have met        C．to meet                  D．to having met

9、  ――Good morning. Can I help you?

       ――I’d like to have this package                    , madam.

       A．be weighed     B．to be weighed C．to weigh                D．weighed

10、There was a terrible noise                 the sudden burst of light.

       A．followed         B．following C．to be followed        D．being followed

11、The murderer was brought in, with his hands               behind.

       A．being tied       B．having tied     C．to be tied               D．tied

12、On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market,                  some bananas and visited her cousin.

       A．bought           B．buying            C．to buy            D．buy

13、The secretary worked late into the night,                     a long speech for the president.

       A．to prepare      B．preparing       C．prepared        D．was preparing

14、I can hardly imagine Peter                across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

       A．sail                 B．to sail             C．sailing            D．to have sailed

15、John was made                   the truck for a week as a punishment.

       A．to wash          B．washing          C．wash              D．to be washing

16、I would appreciate                     back this afternoon.

       A．you to call      B．you call          C．your calling    D．you’re calling

17、John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes                  .

       A．open        B．to be opened   C．to open           D．opening

18、                     a reply, he decided to write again.

       A．Not receiving                B．Receiving not    C．Not having received       D．Having not received

19、Charles Babbage is generally considered                the first computer.

       A．to have invented    B．inventing    C．to invent                D．having invented

20、 “Can’t you read?” Mary said                 to the notice.

       A．a(chǎn)ngrily pointing    B．a(chǎn)nd point angrily   C．a(chǎn)ngrily pointed   D．a(chǎn)nd angrily pointing

21、Rather than                on a crowded bus, he always prefers                a bicycle.

       A．ride, ride        B．riding, ride     C．ride, to ride    D．to ride, riding

22、The missing boys were last seen                near the river.

       A．playing           B．to be playing         C．play               D．to play

23、The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,           that he had enjoyed his stay here.

       A．having added        B．to add            C．a(chǎn)dding           D．a(chǎn)dded

24、The first text books                   for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

       A．having written              B．to be written    C．being written                  D．written

25、We agreed                   here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

       A．having met     B．meeting          C．to meet           D．to have met

26、――You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

       ――Well, now I regret                     that.

       A．to do              B．to be doing     C．to have done   D．having done

27、The patient was warned                    oily food after the operation.

       A．to eat not       B．eating not       C．not to eat              D．not eating

28、                     in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

       A．Losting           B．Having lost     C．Lost               D．To lose

29、――Is this raincoat yours?

       ――No, mine                     there behind the door.

       A．is hanging      B．has hung        C．hangs             D．hung