例1、More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.

　　 A. sent　　　　　　　　　 B. were sent 　　　　　　　　 C. had sent 　　　　　 D. had been sent

答案：B

[解析] be sent abroad 被派往國(guó)外。

例2、By the end of last year, another new gymnasium_________ in Beijing.

A. would be completed　　　 　　　　B. was being completed

C. has been completed　　　 　　　　D. had been completed

答案為D。

[解析]如：by意為“到……為止”。by后加過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，如by后加現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如by后加將來(lái)時(shí)，主句要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。by the end of last year常與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。表示到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候前已完成的動(dòng)作。

例3、When and where to go for the on-salary-holiday_________ yet.

A. are not decided　　　 　　　　　　B. have not been decided

C. is not being decided　　　 　　　　D. has not been decided

答案為D。

[解析]　 根據(jù)副詞yet可確定用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，可排除A、C；不定式，動(dòng)名詞及從句作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按單數(shù)處理，when and where to do sth.表示單數(shù)，要用has not been decided。

例4、He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _______from the university next year.

A. will graduate　　　　　　　 B. will have graduated

C. graduates　　　　　　　 　　　D. is to graduate

答案為C。

[解析]　 “by the time”后接定語(yǔ)從句，省略了關(guān)系副詞when。在這種定語(yǔ)從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。譯文：到明年他畢業(yè)之前，已經(jīng)學(xué)了八年英語(yǔ)。

例5、Rainforests _______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.

A. cut　　　　 B. are cut　　　　 C. are being cut　　　　 D. had been cut

答案為C。

[解析]　 這句話的意思是“雨林正在以那么快的速度被砍伐和燒掉以至于在不久的將來(lái)它們將會(huì)消失�！睆木渥拥恼Z(yǔ)境they will disappear from the earth in the near future可以判斷，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事對(duì)將來(lái)可能造成的影響。

例6、How I wish every family _______ a large house with a beautiful garden!

A. has　　　　 B. had　　　　 C. will have　　　　 D. had had

答案為B。

[解析]　 wish后接從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示這只是說(shuō)話人的一種愿望。具體用法：如果從句中動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反應(yīng)用過(guò)去式，與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反用would/could+動(dòng)詞原形；與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反用過(guò)去完成式或would/could+have done。譯文：我多么希望每個(gè)家庭都住上帶有漂亮花園的大房子。　

例7、The new suspension bridge ________ by the end of last month.

A. has been designed　　　　　　　 B. had been designed

C. was designed　　　　　　　 　　　D. would be designed

答案為B。

[解析]　 在含有by引導(dǎo)的表示過(guò)去意義的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。譯文：到上月為止已完成了吊橋設(shè)計(jì)。　

例8、-How are you today?

-Oh , I__________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.

A．didn't feel　 　B．wasn't feeling　　　 C．don't feel　　　 D．haven't felt

答案為D。

[解析]　 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)候開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。從句子的意思可知，從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候開(kāi)始，已經(jīng)病了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了�！�

例9、-Hey, look where you are going!

-Oh, I'm terribly sorry. ________.

A. I'm not noticing　　　　　　　　 B. I wasn't noticing

C. I haven't noticed　　　　　　　 D. I don't notice

答案為B。

[解析]　 表示剛才沒(méi)有注意到，要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去所做的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，即現(xiàn)在也沒(méi)有注意到；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，這三個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)顯然不符合句意。

例10、A new cinema _______here. They hope to finish it next month.

A. will be built　　　 B. is built　　　 C. has been built　　　 D. is being built

答案為D。

[解析]　 根據(jù)They hope to finish it next month.說(shuō)明電影院還在建設(shè)之中，所以從時(shí)態(tài)上講是進(jìn)行時(shí)；另外從語(yǔ)態(tài)上講為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)�！�

3.　　　 鞏固練習(xí)

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

5、get常與marry, beat, break, tear, hurt, repair, dress, pay等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞連用，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，一般指動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。

例如：These workers got paid by the hour.

The little baby got quickly dressed.

4、不及物動(dòng)詞及部分由不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的詞和短語(yǔ)有：appear, rise , die , happen , occur , lie , belong to , break out , take place等。

例如：This book belongs to him.

A fire broke out last night.

3、某些動(dòng)詞在表示主語(yǔ)特征和性質(zhì)時(shí)為不及物動(dòng)詞，但在表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為及物動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的此類動(dòng)詞有：wash , write , sell , read , open , cut , lock , shut 等。 The clothes he bought yesterday washes well.

2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果， 一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。

例如：-Have you been to the Great Wall ?

-Yes , I have .

1、有些表示狀態(tài)、情感、感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：be , like , want , love , hear, wish , hope等。

例如：I hope he will come back soon.

第三節(jié)　　　　　　　　 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

(三)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)

(1)　　　 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)　　

構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞am/ is/are + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

例如：This kind of car is made in Shanghai.

　　　 English is spoken in many countries.

(2)　　　　　 一般過(guò)去時(shí)

構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞was/were + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

例如：The bridge was built in 1992.

　　　 Was this novel written by his father?

(3)　　　　　 一般將來(lái)時(shí)

構(gòu)成：will be 或be going to + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

例如：These books are going to be posted tomorrow.

　　　 The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.

(4)　　　　　 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞have/has + been + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

例如：Has his work been finished?

　　　 We haven’t been invited to the party.

(5)　　　　　 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

構(gòu)成：be + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

例如：A new bridge is being built in my hometown.

　　　 The problem is being discussed by the students.

補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明：帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

例如：Can this walkman be repaired here?

Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.

(二)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法

(1)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不知道是誰(shuí)或難以說(shuō)明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：

Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.　　

The new test book will be used next term.

(2)當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比起動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者來(lái)說(shuō)更能引起人們的關(guān)心而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：

This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.

The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.

(3)含有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子，主動(dòng)句中的間接賓語(yǔ)或者直接賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)保留不變。變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的若是主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)前則需加介詞to 或for。

例如：The pianist gave the pupils some advice.

　　　　　　　　　　 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)

→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.

→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.

(4)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中動(dòng)詞make、have、let、see、watch、hear、feel等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式不加to。但變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都須加上to。

例如：The boss made them work ten hours a day.

　　 →They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.

　　 　A boy saw him enter the house.

　 　　　→He was seen to enter the house.

(一)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be必須與主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)保持一致，并有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。例如：

The man was fooled by the two boys.

The book has been translated into several languages.