2.陳述句(statements):

　 (1)He said,”I like it very much.”

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

直接引語如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),用連詞that引導(dǎo)(that在口語中可省略),從　　 句中的人稱,時(shí)態(tài),指示代詞,時(shí)間狀語,地點(diǎn)狀語等要做相應(yīng)變化.

1)人稱的變化:

(1)He said,”I like it very much.”

　 He said that he liked it very much.

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

Tom told me that he had broken my CD player.

2)時(shí)態(tài)的變化:

主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí),直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上要做相應(yīng)的變化.如主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的時(shí)態(tài)無須變化.

(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí):

He said,”I am afraid I cannot finish the work.”

He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish

　the work.

(2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

He said,” I’m using the knife.”

He said that he was using the knife

(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)

She said,”I’ve not heard from him since May.”

She said that she had not heard from him since May.

(4)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)

He said ,”I came to help you.”

He said that he had come to help me.

(5)過去完成時(shí)不變

He said,”I had finished my homework before supper.”

He said that he had finished his homework before supper.

(6)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)

She said,” I’ll do it after class.”

She said that she woukd do it after class

3)指示代詞,時(shí)間狀語,地點(diǎn)狀語和動(dòng)詞的變化.

(1) She said, “ I’ll finish the work this morning.”

She said that she would finish the work that morning.

(2)He said, “These books are mine.”

He said that those books were his.

(3)He said, “It’s nine now.”

He said that it was nine then

(4)He said,’I haven’t seen her today.”

He said that he hadn’t seen her that day

(5)She said,”I went there yesterday.”

She said that she had gone there the day before.

(6)She said,” I ‘ll go there tomorrow.”

She said that she would go there the next/following day.

將疑問句語序改為陳述句語序(主語在謂語前面時(shí))，句末用句號(hào)，主語的人稱，時(shí)態(tài)和狀語要相應(yīng)變化。

(7)She said,’He left 30 minutes ago.”

She said that he had left 30 minutes before.

(8)He said,” My sister was here one week ago.”

He said that his sister had been there one week before.

(9)She said .” I’ll come here this evening.”

She said that she would go there that evening.

He said,”Light travels much faster than sound.”

He said that light travels much faster than sound.

注：直接引語如果是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。

注: 如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改成there,動(dòng)詞come也不必改成go

2)疑問句(questions)

(1)一般疑問句：直接引語是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用連詞whether 或if 引導(dǎo)。主句謂語動(dòng)詞是said 時(shí),要改為asked.沒有間接賓語的,可加一個(gè)間接賓語(me,him,us等)。

(1)He said,”Are you interested in English?”

He asked (me)if I was interested in English.

(2)He said,” Did you see him last night?”

He asked (me) whether I had seen him the night before.

2)特殊疑問句：

“What can I do for you?”he asked me.

1. (1)John said,”I like reading novels.”

　 (2)John said that he liked reading novels.

　 直接引語:直接引述別人的話.

　 間接引語:用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話.

　 它構(gòu)成賓語從句.

3．時(shí)態(tài)一致性，即若主句時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))，賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定；若主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí))，賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)也用過去時(shí)態(tài)，如：

　We know he is a teacher at a school.

　We know he lost his son last year.

　We know he will come here soon.

He said that he was ill.

第15講 直接引語和間接引語

Direct and Indirect Speech

2．賓語從句的語序要用陳述句語序，即賓語從句的主語前不可有be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)　 詞或助動(dòng)詞do, does, did, have, has, had等。

1．賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

　(1)由陳述句變成的賓語從句，用that引導(dǎo)，語序不變。that在句中無實(shí)際意義，可以省略。如：

　 　　 　He is a teacher. →He said (that) he was a teacher.

　　　 　 I have already seen the film. →He said that he (had) already seen the film.

　(2)由一般疑問句變成的賓語從句，用if或whether引導(dǎo)，表示“是否”，原來一般疑問句的語序要變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。如：

　 　 Does the boy like English? →The teacher asked me if the boy liked English.

　　　 Are they students?→I don't know if they are students.

注意：當(dāng)賓語從句中出現(xiàn)“or not”或“or + 供具體選擇的內(nèi)容”時(shí)，就只能用whether來引導(dǎo)。例如：

　 I don’t know whether he will come back soon or not.

　(3)由特殊疑問句變成賓語從句時(shí)，疑問代詞或疑問副詞作賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，并在賓語從句中充當(dāng)成分，表示對(duì)不清楚的人、事物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等的詢問。原來特殊疑問句的疑問語序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。如：

　　　 Who is that boy? → Miss Li wants to know who that boy is.

　　　 What does the girl want to buy? → He asked what the girl wanted to buy.

　　　 Where have they gone? → I didn’t know where they had gone.

　　　 When did you leave? → He asked when I left.

8. It is (high) time that　

It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

9 need "不必做"和"本不該做"　

didn't need to do表示： 過去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒做。

needn't have done表示： 過去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，沒有遇上John的車。)

典型例題 There was plenty of time. She ___. A.mustn‘t have hurried B.couldn’t have hurried C. must not hurry D.needn't have hurried

答案D。needn't have done. 意為"本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而實(shí)際上不必要。

mustn't have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn't have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。must not do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))

　　　　　　　　　　　 第14講賓語從句

賓語從句的三要素：引導(dǎo)詞、陳述句語序、時(shí)態(tài)一致

2、　 語法性的倒裝

A→各種疑問句的倒裝

例：1)Are you against the plan?

2)What do you like best?

●注意：但如果主語是由一個(gè)疑問詞表示的或修飾的，語序不變。

例：1)Who did it? (疑問詞who是主語，語序不變?nèi)詾橹髡Zwho+謂語did)

2)How many students in your school joined the army ?

(分析：主語students由how many修飾，語序不變。)

B→there be句型中的倒裝

　 在此句型中，主語總是在謂語之后，無論是在陳述句中還是疑問句中。

例：1)There were no school or hospitals there before.

2)Is there any ink in the bottle?

C→直接引語中的倒裝

a.　　 直接引語的一部分或全部放在句首時(shí)，它的主語(說話人)和謂語(引述動(dòng)詞)常要倒裝。

b.　　 但當(dāng)主語是代詞或謂語動(dòng)詞含有助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一般不倒裝。

c.　　 另外，如果謂語比主語長，或是它后面有賓語時(shí)，一般也不倒裝。

例：1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man

2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.

3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom.

　　 4)“I am hungry”，she had said.

D→省略if的虛擬語氣條件句中的倒裝

　 If引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣，條件句中如含有助動(dòng)詞were, should和had時(shí)，可以使用倒裝。

句型：were/should/had+主語+……

　　　 =if+主語+were/should/had……

當(dāng)if省略時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞were, should和had要倒裝到主語前去；而if不省略時(shí)，主語和助動(dòng)詞用正常語序。

例：1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.

=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.

2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

3)Had you my troubles, you would despair.

=If you had my troubles, you would despair.

E→so，nor，neither用于句首時(shí)的倒裝

當(dāng)so，nor，neither用于句首,說明前面一句話中謂語表示的情況也適用于另外一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，句子要用倒裝。

例：1) A: I have had my breakfast.

　　　 B: So have I.

2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages.

　 B: So can I.

3)A: Will you go home this weekend?

　 B: After that we never saw her again.

4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.

F→as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的倒裝

+as+主語+系動(dòng)詞be,主語+動(dòng)詞

副詞/實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 +as+主語+動(dòng)詞，主語+動(dòng)詞

分別敘述如下：

句型一：形容詞+as+主語+系動(dòng)詞be

例：1)Young as he is，he knows a lot of things.

　　 =Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things.

　　 =He is young but he knows a lot of things.

句型二：名詞(不帶冠詞)+as+主語+系動(dòng)詞be

例：1)King as he is，he is unhappy.

　　　 =Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy.

　　　 =He is a king, but he is unhappy.

2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.

　=Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.

句型三：副詞+as+主語+動(dòng)詞

1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.

=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it.

=I like it much, but I won’t buy it.

2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him.

句型四：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+as+主語+助動(dòng)詞

1)Try as she does, she will never find it.

=She tries but she will never find it.

2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy.

▲3．修辭性的倒裝(常考內(nèi)容)

　 除了語法性倒裝之外，有些倒裝是由于修辭的原因而采用的，叫做修辭性倒裝。

A→否定詞放在句首時(shí)的倒裝

句型：否定詞+助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語

▲常見放在句首的否定詞

By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration,

under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示決不

barely 簡直沒有　　 hardly 幾乎不　 scarcely 幾乎不　

never　 從不　　　　 rarely 很少　　 little　 幾乎沒有;一點(diǎn)也不

seldom 很少　　　　 only　 只有　　　 not　 不，沒有

not…until…　 直到…才…　　 nowhere　 沒有地方，無處

not a bit 一點(diǎn)也不　　　　　 not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)Barely does he have enough money to live on.

　　 =He barely has enough money to live on.

2) By no means is translation easy.

=Translation is by no means easy.

3)Little did I think that I would lose the game.

=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.

(注：這里not at all=little 譯為：一點(diǎn)也不)

在上面表格所列到的否定詞中，有幾個(gè)詞是強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的緊密相接，說明如下：

a.　　 hardly…when…　 一…就…

例：Hardly did he see me when he ran away.

　 =As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

b.　　 scarcely…when… 一…就…

例：Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.

c.　　 no sooner…than… 一…就…

例：No sooner had they reached home than it rained.

　 =It rained as soon as they reached home.

d. not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.

　 =I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.

　 2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.

B→副詞(短語)放在句首時(shí)的倒裝

以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副詞(短語)為首的句子中，要倒裝以表示特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的語氣。例:

1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to.

=The time we had been looking forward to came then.

2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.

=Summer begins in June, July and August came then.

3) Out rushed the boy.

4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties.

5) 比較： He was very angry. He didn’t say a word.

　　　　　 He was very angry. Not a word did he say.

6)比較： I shall never be late for school.

　　　　　 Never again shall I be late for school.

C→only+副詞在句首時(shí)的倒裝

Only+副詞/副詞短語/狀語從句+助動(dòng)詞/be+主語

例：1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.

I realized I made such a big mistake only then.

2) Only in this way can you worked it out.

3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.

4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.

=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.

D→頻度副詞在句首時(shí)的倒裝

頻度副詞always, often, once出現(xiàn)在句首時(shí)，句子要倒裝。

例：1)Often did we warn them not to do so.

2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.

=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.

第13講 虛擬語氣

The Subjunctive Mood

虛擬語氣　

1) 概念 　 虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。

2) 在條件句中的應(yīng)用 　 條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。

1 真實(shí)條件句　

　真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生，其中 if 是如果的意思。

　時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系 句型： 條件從句　　　　　　　 　　主句 　 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)　 　　　　　shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形 　例：If he comes, he will bring his violin.

例題：The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. 　 A.will rain　　 B. rains　　　　 C. rained　　　　 D. is rained

答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

注意： 1)在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will. 　 (錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. 　 (對(duì)) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2)表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞便不用shall (will) +動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。

2 非真實(shí)條件句　

時(shí)態(tài)：可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況。它的基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)退后。

a.　 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。 句型 ： 　條件從句　　　　　　　　　　　　　 主句 　　一般過去時(shí)　　 　　　　　　　　should( would) +動(dòng)詞原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b.　 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。 句型： 　條件從句　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　主句　　　 　　 過去完成時(shí)　　 　　　　　　　should(would) have+ 過去分詞

例1：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　

例2：The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　 例3：If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.

例4：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.　

含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

例5：If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.

含義： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.　

c.　 表示對(duì)將來的假想 　句型：　 條件從句 　　　　　　　　　　　　　主句

一般過去時(shí)

should+ 動(dòng)詞原形

were+ 不定式

　would + 動(dòng)詞原形

should+ 動(dòng)詞原形

例1：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 例2：If you should succeed, everything would be all right. 例3：If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

3 混合條件句　

　 主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)主、從句謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

(從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。)

If it had rained last night (過去), it would be very cold today (現(xiàn)在).

4 虛擬條件句的倒裝　

　虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should或had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。

Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

=If it should rain,the crops would be saved.

=If it were to rain,the crops would be saved.

注意： 　 在虛擬語氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞'be'的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were"，不用was， 即在從句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 　 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 　 如果他在這兒，一切都會(huì)好的。

典型例題 　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞

主語提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Weren't I to do.

5 特殊的虛擬語氣詞：should　

1)It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用should 加動(dòng)詞原形，should 可省略。

句型： 　　(1)suggested It is　 (2)important　　that… + (should) do 　　(3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do

(2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity,a shame,no wonder.

例1：It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 例2：It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2)在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用 　在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中。

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.

注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建議" 或"堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)"，即它們用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為"時(shí)，賓語從句用陳述語氣。

The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

判斷改錯(cuò): 　　　　　 誤：Your pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. 　 　　　 正：Your pale face suggests that you are ill. 　　　　　 誤：I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. 　 　　　 正：I insisted that you were wrong.

3)在表語從句，同位語從句中的應(yīng)用 　在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。

My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

6 wish的用法　

1)用于wish后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動(dòng)詞形式為： 　　　　　　　 真實(shí)狀況　wish后　　 從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作　現(xiàn)在時(shí)　過去時(shí) (be的過去式為 were)　　　　　　　 從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生　過去時(shí)　過去完成時(shí) (had + 過去分詞)　　　　　　　　 將來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望　　將來時(shí)　would/could + 　　　　　　　　　　動(dòng)詞原形　

I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一樣高。

He wished he hadn‘t said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2)wish to do表達(dá)法。 　 wish sb / sth to do

I wish to see the manager.

= I want to see the manager.

I wish the manager to be informed at once.

= I want the manager to be informed at once.

7 比較if only與only if重點(diǎn)

only if表示"只有"；if only則表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陳述語氣。

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.

只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.　

當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了，就好了。

If only he comes early.　　　　

但愿他早點(diǎn)回來.

Summary:主語和謂語的順序分為兩種：

自然語序：主語+謂語

倒裝語序：謂語+主語

1、　 部分倒裝和全部倒裝

我們通常使用的語序是自然語序，即主語在前，謂語在后，但有時(shí)謂語的全部或一部分提到主語的前面，即采用倒裝語序。倒裝的原因，或是語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。

A→部分倒裝

　 部分倒裝是謂語中的一部分(如：助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be)放在主語前面，其余部分仍放在主語后面。

例：ⅰ)Only in this way can we work at the physics problem.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)

ⅱ)Never had he had any experience like that.(助動(dòng)詞)

ⅲ)Not only is he a singer,but also he is a dancer.(系動(dòng)詞)

B→全部倒裝

　 全部倒裝是句子中沒有助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，要把謂語動(dòng)詞放在主語的前面。

例：Here comes the bus.

Up went the arrow in to the sky.

The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.

●　　 例外：這時(shí)如果主語是人稱代詞，則主謂不倒裝。

例：Here he comes.

Here you are. 給你

Here we are.　 我們到了

▲　　 重點(diǎn)：在英語中，從形式上可分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，我們?yōu)榱耸褂诶斫�，還可以把它分為語法性倒裝。這是由于語法上的需要而必須倒裝的句子，還有一種是修飾性倒裝，顧名思義，這些句子如果不是特意加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，可以不必倒裝。

2、　 狀語的語序

在句子中如果同時(shí)有時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，先地點(diǎn)后時(shí)間：地點(diǎn)狀語→時(shí)間狀語，這和漢語中狀語的語序不同，漢語是先時(shí)間后地點(diǎn)。

例：Ⅰ)My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.

Ⅱ)At the airport last night two events take place.

Ⅲ)I stayed there for 3 weeks last year.

在英語中，一般常見的語序?yàn)椤爸髡Z+謂語+賓語”，此語序與漢語基本相同，但定語在句子的位置，中文和英文略有差異，下面舉例說明：

1、　 定語的語序

(1)當(dāng)定語是單詞或動(dòng)詞–ing 形式時(shí)，在英語中多將定語放在被修飾的前面，與漢語相同�！　�

例：He is a naughty boy. (形容詞)

(2)當(dāng)定語是短語或定語從句時(shí)，其中短語包括：介詞短語，分詞短語，不定式短語，放在修飾詞的后面。

例： I)She had a basket (full of apples)　 (短語)

II) The boy (who is sleeping) is my little brother. (定語從句)

III)The students(in the room)are from Asia.(介詞短語)

(3)當(dāng)定語是副詞或某些過去分詞時(shí),放在所修飾詞后面。

例：I) The women (here) are for you.(副詞)

II) I like the books (written) by him.(過去分詞)