78. In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________.
A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success.
B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance
C. she acquires the magic of some great achievement
D. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write
77. By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could .
A. come to understand the inner structure of writing
B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday
C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes
D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security
Passage 1
(09·上海D篇)
The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday.
This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.
Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, he delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems-how do I get characters into a room-dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.
76. The passage mainly deals with .
A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer
B. the relationship between genius and success
C. the decisive factor in making a genius
D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction
24.(婁底)結(jié)合下列圖示裝置,回答有關(guān)問題:
(1)寫出圖中標(biāo)有字母的儀器名稱:a 48 b 49 ?
(2)上述裝置可用于實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取和收集某些氣體:
①如果用高錳酸鉀制氧氣,應(yīng)選用的發(fā)生裝置是 50 (填序號),反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程
式 51 ,所選發(fā)生裝置中還缺少 52 !
②若B中裝有石灰石和稀鹽酸,則該裝置可用于制取 53 氣體,收集該氣體可選用 54 裝置,檢驗(yàn)該氣體是否收滿的方法是 55 !
答案:48. 試管 49. 集氣瓶 50. A 51. 2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑ 52一團(tuán)棉花 53. 二氧化碳(或CO2) 54. D 55. 用燃著的小木條放在集氣瓶口
23.(黃岡)在初中的學(xué)習(xí)中我們掌握了氧氣、氫氣、二氧化碳的制取和收集方法。某校化學(xué)興趣小組的同學(xué),按規(guī)范的操作要求,運(yùn)用合理的裝置在實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取了這些氣體。下圖是他們實(shí)驗(yàn)中用過的儀器。請回答下列問題:
(1)指出下列儀器名稱:
③________;⑤__________。
(2)將玻璃管插入橡皮塞中的操作方法是:_______________________
_________________________。
(3)小明同學(xué)在制取氣體時使用的儀器是
①③④⑤⑦⑩,他制取的氣體是_________;
(4)小蘭同學(xué)成功地制取并收集了一瓶氫氣,則她一定不會使用上圖儀器中的_______(填序號)。
(5)小芳同學(xué)順利地制取并收集了一瓶二氧化碳,已知她使用了儀器②⑥,那么她還需使用上圖儀器中的_______________(填序號)。
答案:(1) 試管 集氣瓶 (2)先把要插入橡皮塞的玻璃管的一端用水潤濕,然后稍稍用力轉(zhuǎn)動,使它插入 (3)O2 (4)④ (5)⑤⑨(或⑤⑨⑩)
22.(莆田)下圖是實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取常見氣體的裝置,請回答
下列有關(guān)問題:
(1)指出A裝置中的任意一種儀器名稱_________。
(2)佳佳同學(xué)用A裝置制取氧氣時,加入的固體
藥品是___________,在加入該藥品之前,應(yīng)先
檢查裝置的_____________。
(3)麗麗同學(xué)用B裝置與C裝置組合可制取的氣體是
__________(任填一種),寫出用此裝置產(chǎn)生該氣體的化學(xué)方程式____________________________。
(4)甲烷在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里可用排水法或向下排空氣法收集,請你根據(jù)甲烷的收集方法,推測該氣體具有的性質(zhì)是_________________________。
答案:(1)酒精燈(或試管或鐵架臺)(合理即可) (2)高錳酸鉀(或KMnO4) 氣密性
(3)O2(或CO2)(填名稱也可)
|
(4)甲烷密度比空氣小,難溶于水(或甲烷密度比空氣小,難溶子水且不與水反應(yīng))
21.(南平)結(jié)合以下實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取氣體的常用裝置回答問題:
(1)寫出標(biāo)號儀器的名稱:① ;② 。
(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)室用過氧化氫溶液與二氧化錳固體混合制取氧氣時,應(yīng)選用的發(fā)生裝置是 (填序號,下同),收集裝置是 ,反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式為 。
(3)能用C裝置收集的氣體,必須具備的性質(zhì)是 。
答案:(1) ①試管 ②集氣瓶 (2) B D(或E) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2↑
(3) 密度比空氣小且不與空氣中的物質(zhì)反應(yīng)
20.(福州)實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取氣體的裝置如圖7所示,根據(jù)所學(xué)的知識回答下列問題。
(1)圖中標(biāo)有①、②的儀器名稱:① ;② 。
(2)寫出用裝置A制氧氣的一個化學(xué)方程式 。
A裝置中試管口略向下傾斜的目的是 。
(3) 寫出用石灰石和稀鹽酸制取二氧化碳的化學(xué)方程式 ,可選用圖中 和 (填標(biāo)號)組裝一套制取二氧化碳的裝置。檢驗(yàn)二氧化碳集滿的方法是 。
答案:(1) ①長頸漏斗 ②集氣瓶 (2)2KMnO4K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 ↑ 防止冷凝水倒流引起試管破裂 (3)CaCO3+2HCl===CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑ B C 用燃著的木條放在集氣瓶口,觀察燃著木條是否熄滅。
19.(徐州)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)是學(xué)習(xí)化學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),請根據(jù)下列裝置圖回答問題。
A B C
(1)寫出儀器a、b的名稱_______;b_______。
(2)寫出A圖中產(chǎn)生氣體的化學(xué)方程式____________________________。
(3)B圖中,把二氧化碳?xì)怏w慢慢倒入放有燃著的蠟燭的燒杯中,下層蠟燭先滅,說明二氧化碳具有_______、_______和_______性質(zhì)。這一性質(zhì)在實(shí)際生活中的應(yīng)用為_______。
(4)C圖中螺旋狀鐵絲的末端系一根火柴的作用是_______。
(5)小明按C圖實(shí)驗(yàn)時,集氣瓶炸裂了,其可能的原因是_______。
(6)小明對鐵絲在氧氣中燃燒為什么會火星四射進(jìn)行探究。下表是他將純鎂條和不同含碳量的鐵絲(鎂條和鐵絲直徑均為0.4mm)放入氧氣中燃燒時的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象的記錄。請你分析回答:
物質(zhì) |
鎂條 |
含碳0.05%的鐵絲 |
含碳0.2%的鐵絲 |
含碳0.6%的鐵絲 |
燃燒時 的現(xiàn)象 |
劇烈燃燒,發(fā)出 耀眼白光,無火星 |
劇烈燃燒 極少火星 |
劇烈燃燒 少量火星 |
(未填) |
答案:(1)長頸漏斗;錐形瓶 (2)CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O (3)不可燃、不支持燃燒、密度比空氣大;滅火 (4)引燃鐵絲 (5)燃著的鐵絲碰到集氣瓶壁等 (6)①劇烈燃燒,火星四射②鐵絲中含有的碳引起的
17.(南京)根據(jù)下列裝置圖.回答有關(guān)問題:
(1)寫出裝置中標(biāo)號儀器的名稱:① ;② 。
(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)室用高錳酸鉀制取氧氣,可選用的發(fā)生裝置是 (填字母)。
(3)寫出實(shí)驗(yàn)室用過氧化氫溶液和二氧化錳制取氧氣的化學(xué)方程式 ,
并據(jù)此選擇上圖中 (填字母)組裝一套制取于燥氧氣的裝置,收集氧氣時,驗(yàn)滿
的方法是 。
答案:(1)試管 長頸漏斗(2)B (3)2H2O2eq \o(\s\up 7(MnO2===== 2H2O+O2↑ CDE 將帶火星的木條放在集氣瓶口,觀察到木條復(fù)燃
2118.(泰州)如圖是實(shí)驗(yàn)室常用的兩個氣體制備、收集、凈化的多種功能裝置。
(1)若制備的氣體是氫氣,且產(chǎn)生的氣體中不含酸性雜質(zhì)氣
體,則試劑X常用 ▲ ,用圖示放置的乙裝置收集
氫氣,A應(yīng)與 ▲ (填“B”或“C”)相連。
(2)若制備的氣體是氧氣,Y是黑色粉末,則甲中反應(yīng)的化學(xué)
方程式為 ▲ 。若A、C相連制取氧氣,檢
驗(yàn)氣密性后,還須將裝置乙 ▲ 。
(3)若X是稀鹽酸、Y是石灰石,用甲、乙兩裝置組成發(fā)生、 甲 乙
凈化、收集CO2氣體的系列裝置。若乙中放入飽和NaHCO3溶液,該溶液的作用是除去 ▲ ;若乙中放入濃硫酸,濃硫酸的作用是 ▲ 。
答案:(1) 稀硫酸 C (2) 2H2O2 ==== 2H2O+ O2↑ 裝滿水或倒立 (3) 除氯化氫氣體 干燥氣體或除去水蒸氣
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