Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感覺） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

Psychologists have known that one person’s perception（感知） of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses（假設(shè)）, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.

1.According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by ______.

A. the visitors to his office

B. the psychology lessons he has

C. his physical feeling of coldness

D. the things he has bought online

2.The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that ______.

A. adults should develop social skills

B. babies need warm physical contact

C. caregivers should be healthy adults

D. monkeys have social relationships

3.In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to ______.

A. evaluate someone’s personality

B. write down their hypotheses

C. fill out a personal information form

D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

4.We can infer from the passage that ______.

A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences

B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide

C. physical temperature affects how we see others

D. capable persons are often cold to others

5.What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.

B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.

C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.

D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.

 

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

Sometimes we are asked to make a speech in life, but most of us don’t do a very good job.  1

So, you have to give a speech — and you are terrified. You get nervous, you forget what you want to say, you stumble (結(jié)結(jié)巴巴) over words, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later you think, Thank Goodness, it’s over. I’m just not good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again.

Cheep up!  2  Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech making. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Then, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of your time doing your research. Then spend plenty of your time organizing your materials so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures, charts, and graphs if they can help you make your points clearer. 3  Don’t talk over their heads, and don’t talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.

Just remember: Be prepared. Know your subject, your audience, and the occasion. Be brief.  4  And be yourself. Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.

If you follow these simple steps, you will see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking. In fact, you may find the experience so enjoyable that you volunteer to make more speeches! You’re not convinced yet? 5

A. It doesn’t have to be that bad.

B. Take several deep breaths after your speech.

C. This article gives some advice on how to give a good speech.

D. Say what you have to say and then stop.

E. Don’t say what you aren’t familiar with.

F. Never forget your audience.

G. Give it a try and see what happens.

Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception (知覺) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping (打敗) evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses (假定), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
【小題1】 In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to _______.

A．evaluate someone’s personality

B．write down their hypotheses

C．fill out a personal information form

D．hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

【小題2】We can infer from the passage that _______.

A．a(chǎn)bstract thinking does not come from physical experiences

B．feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide

C．physical temperature affects how we see others

D．capable persons are often cold to others

【小題3】What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Drinking for Better Social Relationships

B．Experiments of Personality Evaluation

C．Developing Better Drinking Habits

D．Physical Sensations and Emotions

We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us don’t do a very good job. This article gives some suggestions on how to give an effective speech.
So, you have to give a speech—and you are terrified. You get nervous, you forget what you want to say, you stumble over words, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later you think, “Thank Goodness, it’s over. I’m just not good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again.”
Cheep up! It doesn’t have to be that bad. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech making. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Then, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of your time doing your research. Then spend plenty of your time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures, charts, and graphs if they help you make your points more clearly. Never forget your audience. Don’t talk over their heads, and don’t talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.
Just remember: Be prepared. Know your subject, your audience, and the occasion. Be brief. Say what you have to say and then stop. And be yourself. Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.
If you follow these simple steps, you will see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking. In fact, you may find the experience so enjoyable that you volunteer to make more speeches! You’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens.
【小題1】The title for this passage may be           .

A．Do Not Make a Long Speech	B．How to Give a Good Speech
C．How to prepare for a Speech	D．Try to Enjoy a speech

【小題2】Paragraph 2 implies that         .

A．many people are happy to give a speech

B．many people are afraid of giving a speech

C．many people don’t prepare for a speech

D．many people talk too long

【小題3】 The phrase “talk over their heads” means           .

A．speak too loudly	B．look at the ceiling
C．look down upon them	D．use words and ideas that are too difficult

【小題4】All of the following statements are TRUE except           .

A．not many people know how to make good speeches

B．a(chǎn) lecturer does not need to organize his speech

C．research is important in preparing a speech

D．there are simple steps you can take to improve your speaking ability

We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us don’t do a very

good job. This article gives some suggestions on how to give an effective speech.

You have to give a speech, and you’re terrified. You get nervous, you forget what you want to say, you stumble over words, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later you think, “Thank goodness, it’s over. I’m just no good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again.”

Cheer up! It doesn’t have to be that bad. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech making. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Then, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time doing your research. Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures, charts, and graphs if they will help you make your points more clearly. Never forget your audience.  Don’t talk over their heads, and don’t talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.

Just remember: be prepared. Know your subject, your audience, and the occasion. Be brief. Say what you have to say and then stop. And be yourself. Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.

If you follow these simple steps, you’ll see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking. In fact you may find the experience so enjoyable that you volunteer to make more speeches! You’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens.

The main idea of this article is      .

A. you can improve your speaking ability    B. a poor speaker can never change

C. always make a short speech                           D. it is hard to make a speech

The phrase “talk over their heads” means      .

A. speak too loudly              B. look at the ceiling

C. look down upon them             D. use words and ideas that are too difficult

All of the following statements are true except that      .

A. few people know how to make good speeches

B. a lecturer does not need to organize his speech

C. research is important in preparing a speech

D. there are simple steps you can take to improve your speaking ability

The title for this passage may be “     ”.

A. Do Not Make a Long Speech   B. How To Give A Good Speech

C. How To Prepare For A Speech        D. Try To Enjoy A Speech