Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards（外部獎賞）, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive （認(rèn)知學(xué)派的） researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.    

    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary （金錢的） rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements （刺激） indeed aid inventiveness（創(chuàng)造力）, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".

       "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.     

    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.       

1．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.

       A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

       B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity

       C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

       D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

2．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students? 

       A．They have no doubts about them.

       B．They have doubts about them.

       C．They approve of them.   

       D．They avoid talking about them.

3．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

       A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.

       B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.

       C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.

       D．Giving them rewards they hope for.

4．It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

       A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

       B．punishment is more effective than rewarding

       C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards          D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency             

5．The phrase "token economies" （Sentence 1, Paragraph 5） probably refers to _____.           A．ways to develop economy      

       B．systems of rewarding students

       C．a(chǎn)pproaches to solving problems

       D．methods of improving performance

Dear Tracy,

       Although I’m 16 years old, but my father still treats                  1．          

me as a carelessly child. He doesn’t value my opinions.                    2．          

He is very strict in me and often punishes me for                             3．          

leaving things lying around in the house while he did this                  4．          

all time. I think he fails to set an example to me to                            5．          

follow. But he often says:“ Doing as I say, not as I do.”                   6．          

Even more worse, he points out my past mistakes to guests,                    7．           

making me feel hurting. I love my father, but I can’t                        8．          

bear how he does. I  have tried many times to talk                          9．          

with him but he never listen. Please, help me.                                  10．          

Puzzled

“神州7號”中國人首次太空艙外活動成功以后，人們就“普通人去太空旅游”的話題展開了熱烈討論。請你根據(jù)下列提示以“The advantages and disadvantages of Space Travel”為題寫一篇英語短文，闡述表格中的兩種觀點(diǎn)，并簡要地談?wù)勀銈�人的看法。

注意事項：

       1．短文必須包括所列內(nèi)容。

       2．不要逐字逐句翻譯。

       3．詞數(shù)110左右。

從A、B、C、D四個選項中，找出其劃線部分與所給單詞的劃線部分讀音相同的選項。

1．news

       A．research              B．satisfy                 C．Christmas            D．Thursday

2．depend

       A．envelope              B．elect                    C．recent                 D．develop

3．solid

       A．Europe                B．prove                  C．salt                     D．wander

4．straight

       A．certainly              B．neighbour            C．believe                D．flight

5．character

       A．chain           B．church          C．stomach         D．machine

          opening ceremony of the 28th Beijing Olympic Games really gave the world_____big surprise.

A．不填; a               B．The; the                C．The; a                 D．不填; the

I’d rather have a room of my own , however small it is, than share           with someone else.

A．one          B．that           C．the one           D．it

—Are you sure t hat you are          satisfied with his job?

—Yes. Nothing can be better.

A．rather                  B．so         C．quite           D．too

—The exam was easy, wasn’t it?

—Yes, but I don’t think           could pass it.

A．somebody          B．a(chǎn)nybody            C．nobody            D．everybody

It was not until the entrance exams were in sight that           that I had so many books to cover and so many exercises to finish.

A．I realized          B．did I realize         C．had I realized            D．I had realized

Tourism,          it brings in money to a country, can also result in damage to the World Heritage sites there.

A．because          B．a(chǎn)s         C．while          D．since