Perhaps the most famous theory, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell. He believes that physical appearance is often culturally programmed. In other words, we learn our looks—we are not born with them. A baby has generally informed face features. A baby, according to Birdwhistell, learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around-family and friends. This helps explain why the people of some areas of the United States look so much alike, new Englanders or Southerners have certain common face features that cannot be explained by genetics(遺傳學(xué)). The exact shape of the mouth is not set at birth, it is learned after. In fact, the final mouth shape is not formed until well after new teeth are set. For many, this can be well into grown-ups. A husband and wife together for a long time often come to look alike. We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a single country area where people smile more than those in other areas. In the United States, for example, the South is the part of the country where the people smile most frequently. In New England they smile less, and in the western part of New York State still less. Many southerners find cities such as New York cold and unfriendly, partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peachtree Street in Atlanta. Georgia. People in Atlanta, Georgia. People in largely populated areas also smile and greet each other in public less than people in small towns do.
小題1:Ray Birdwhistell believes that physical appearance _______.

A．has little to do with culture

B．has much to do with culture

C．is ever changing

D．is different from place to place

小題2:According to the passage, the final mouth shape is formed _______.

A．before birth	B．a(chǎn)s soon as one’s teeth are newly set
C．sometime after new teeth are set	D．a(chǎn)round 15 years old

小題3:Ray Birdwhistell can tell what area of the United States a person is from by _______.

A．how much he or she laughs	B．how he or she raises his or her eyebrows
C．what he or she likes best	D．the way he or she talks

小題4:This passage might have been taken out of a book dealing with ________.

A．physics

B．chemistry

C．biology

D．none of the above

Children start out as natural scientists, eager to look into the world around them. Helping them enjoy science can be easy; there’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment. You only have to share your children’s curiosity(好奇). Firstly, listen to their questions. I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a job. The children asked me “textbook questions” about schooling, salary(薪水) and whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing one another in silence. Finally I said, “Now that we’re finished with your lists, do you have questions of your own about science?”
After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, “Have you ever seen a grasshopper(蚱蜢) eat? When I try eating leaves like that, I get a stomachache. Why?”
This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
Secondly, give them time to think. Studies over the past 30 years have shown that, after asking a question, adults typically wait only one second or less for an answer, no time for a child to think. When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children give more logical(符合邏輯的), complete and creative answers.
Thirdly, watch your language. Once you have a child involved in a science discussion, don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very good”. These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior(行為). But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going by saying “That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it that way before”, or coming up with more questions or ideas.
Never push a child to “Think”. It doesn’t make sense, children are always thinking, without your telling them to. What’s more, this can turn a conversation into a performance. The child will try to find the answer you want, in as few words as possible, so that he will be a smaller target(目標(biāo)) for your disagreement.
Lastly, show; don’t tell. Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can learn from a book or a television program. Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass(放大鏡), and they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner. Rather than saying that water evaporates(蒸發(fā)), set a pot of water to boil and let them watch the water level drop.
小題1:According to the passage, children are natural scientists, and to raise their interest, the most important thing for adults to do is _______.

A．to let them see the world around

B．to share the children’s curiosity

C．to explain difficult phrases about science

D．to supply the children with lab equipment

小題2:In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the word “l(fā)ists” could best be replaced by ______.

A．a(chǎn)ny questions	B．a(chǎn)ny problems
C．questions from textbooks	D．a(chǎn)ny number of questions

小題3:According to the passage, children can answer questions in a more logical, complete and creative way if adults ________.

A．a(chǎn)sk them to answer quickly

B．wait for one or two seconds after a question

C．tell them to answer the next day

D．wait at least for three seconds after a question

小題4:In which of the following paragraph(s) does the author tell us what to say to encourage children in a science discussion?

A．The second and third.	B．The fourth and fifth.
C．The fifth and sixth.	D．The seventh.

小題5:The author mentions all of the following techniques for adults to share with their children’s curiosity except that adults should ________.

A．tell their children stories instead of reciting(背誦) facts

B．offer their children chances to see things for themselves

C．be patient enough when their children answer questions

D．encourage their children to ask questions of their own

Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page. (You may read the questions first.) 
jaguar: n. a type of large, yellow-colored cat with black markings found in the southwestern region of the U. S. and in Central and South America.
jargon: 1. n. speech that doesn’t make sense. 2. n. an unknown language that seems strange or impossible to understand. 3. n. a language made up of two or more other languages: His jargon was a mixture of French and English. 4. n. the special vocabulary of a field or profession: Her report on computers was filled with jargon.
jaunt: 1. n. a trip taken for fun. 2. v. to go on a brief pleasant trip: We jaunted to the country last Saturday.
javelin: 1. n. a spear most commonly used as weapon or in hunting. 2. n. a lightweight metal or wooden spear that is thrown in track-and-field contests. 3. n. the contest in which a javelin is thrown. 4. v. to strike, as with a javelin.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang empty talk. 4. ad. of or like jazz: a jazz band, jazz records.
Jennet: n. a small Spanish horse.
小題1:Which meaning of the word javelin is used in the sentence below?
At the competition, Jack drew his arm back and threw the javelin 50 yards.

A．Definition 1	B．Definition 2
C．Definition 3	D．Definition 4

小題2:Which meaning of the word jargon is used in the sentence below?
Doctors often speak in medical jargon.

A．Definition 1	B．Definition 2
C．Definition 3	D．Definition 4

小題3:What does the word jazz mean in the following sentence?
Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.

A．rhythmic beats	B．a(chǎn) type of music
C．a(chǎn) kind of dance	D．meaningless talk

So long as teachers fail to distinguish (differ) between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.
Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to plan cleverly the most efficient(有效的) system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: It can be seen and observed.
Learning to read involves all that each individual does to understand the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.
If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the long search for knowledge? Smith has one principle rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”
When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them properly, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is got rid of. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the chance to solve the problem of learning to read by learning.
小題1:The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that_______. 

A．too much time is spent in teaching about reading

B．reading tasks are given with little guidance

C．it is one of the most difficult school courses

D．students spend limited hours in reading

小題2: The teaching of reading will be successful if _______. 

A．teachers can make their teaching activities observable

B．teachers can teach their students how to read

C．teachers can improve conditions at school for the students

D．teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading

小題3:The word “scrutiny” (Paragraph 3) most probably means “_______”.

A．unbelief

B．control

C．inquiry

D．observation

小題4:The main idea of the passage is that_______.

A．reading is more complicated than believable

B．reading ability is something gained rather than taught

C．teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible

D．teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read

To get cash out in the 21st century, you won’t need a bank card, a PIN(個(gè)人識(shí)別編號(hào)) or even have to move a finger. You will simply have to look the cash machine straight in the eye, declares National Cash Registers, a multinational company that makes automated teller machines, or ATMs. NCR has shown its first example machine that is believed to be the future of banking. Instead of asking you for your PIN on a screen, the Super Teller-Stella for short, asks you orally through a loudspeaker to look straight ahead while an infrared camera turns to your head, then your eye, and finally takes an infrared photograph of your iris(虹膜). For identification(識(shí)別) purposes, an iris picture is better than a fingerprint, with around 256 noticeable characteristics compared with 40 for fingerprints. This means that the chances of someone else being recognized in your place is about 1 in 1020. Once you’ve been identified, Stella greets you by name and says: “Would you like cash or a statement?” An infrared port allows the machine to send a bank statement straight to your pocket computer.
小題1:What does this passage mainly talk about?

A．A new medical instrument

B．A new type of talking machine.

C．A new type of cash machine.

D．National Cash Register

小題2:What is this new machine called?

A．Stella

B．ATM

C．PIN

D．NCR

小題3:When you want to get cash out in the 21st century, you will _______.

A．need a bank card	B．have to put in your PIN
C．move your finger	D．just look directly at the teller machine

Weather changes when the temperature and the amount of water in the atmosphere change. We can see and feel water coming from the atmosphere when we have rain. But the water must somehow get back to the atmosphere. Meteorologists call this the water cycle.
There are many stages in the water cycle. Rain falls when water vapour in clouds condenses(凝結(jié)). Drops of water form and fall to the ground. The water soaks into the ground and feeds streams and rivers. A lot of rain falls into the sea. The heat of the sun evaporates some of the water in the ground and in the rivers, lakes, and the sea. It changes the liquid water into water vapour. The vapour rises onto the air. Water vapour is normally invisible. On a very damp or humid day, however, you can sometimes see water vapour rising from a puddle(水坑) or pond in a mist(薄霧) above the water. Water vapour also gets into the air from living things. Trees and other plants take in water through their roots and give off water vapour from their leaves. People and land animals drink water and breathe out water vapour. In all these ways the water returns to the air. There it gathers to form clouds and condenses to form rain. The rain falls to earth, and the cycle starts again. It continues even if snow or hail(冰雹) fall instead because both eventually melt to form water. The amount of water vapour in the air depends on the temperature. The air is more moist(潮濕) in the tropics(熱帶) than in the cold polar regions.
小題1: What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Water cycle.	B．Water vapour.
C．How rain forms.	D．Water, vapour, rain.

小題2:How many ways of the water returning to the air are discussed in the text?

A．Two.

B．Three.

C．Four.

D．Five.

小題3:Whether water vapour can be seen or not depends on _______.

A．how much water is evaporated	B．how good your eyes are
C．in which way water is evaporated	D．climate or weather

小題4: From the passage we get to know _______.

A．there is more water vapour in the air in the tropics than in cold polar regions

B．there is more water vapour in the air in cold polar region than in the tropics

C．it gets more rain in the tropics than in cold polar regions because there is less vapour

D．the amount of water vapour in the air depends on how often it rains

"The world's oceans are slowly getting more acidic,”say scientists. The researchers from California report that the change is taking place in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The lowering of the waters’pH value is not great at the moment but could cause a serious threat to current ocean life if it continues, they warn. Ken Caldeira and Michael Wickett, from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, report their concerns in the journal Nature.
Increasing use of oil fuels means more carbon dioxide is going into the air, and most of it will eventually be absorbed by seawater. Once in the water, it reacts to form carbonic acid. Scientists believe that the oceans have already become slightly more acidic over the last century.
These researchers have tried to predict what will happen in the future by combining what we know about the history of the oceans with computer models of climate change．"This level of acidity will get much more extreme in the future if we continue releasing CO2 into the atmosphere," said Dr Caldeira. "And we predict the amount of future acidity will exceed（超過(guò)）anything we have seen over the last several hundred million years, let alone perhaps after rare disastrous events such as asteroid（小行星) impacts．”
However, it is not absolutely clear what that means for ocean life．Most organisms live near the surface, where the greatest pH change would be expected to occur, but deep-ocean life forms may be more sensitive to pH changes．Coral reefs and other organisms whose shells contain calcium carbonate（小行星) may be particularly affected if the water's acidity levels keep going up, the team predict. They could find it much more difficult to build these structures in water with a lower pH.
In recent years some people have suggested storing carbon dioxide from power stations in the deep ocean as a way of dealing with global warming．But Dr Caldeira said that such a strategy should now be re-considered. "Previously, most experts had looked at ocean absorption of carbon dioxide as a good thing-because in releasing CO2 into the atmosphere we warm the planet, and when CO2, is absorbed by the ocean, it reduces the amount of greenhouse warming.”
小題1:According to Dr Caldeira,__________ .

A．ocean absorption of carbon dioxide is a good thing

B．more oil fuels will be used in the near future

C．scientists may predict climate changes with computer models

D．the future situation of the amount of acidity is extremely serious

小題2:f the water's acidity level keeps rising,_________ .

A．ocean life whose structures contain calcium carbonate may be affected

B．the waters’pH value will become higher and higher

C．organisms living near the surface are more sensitive to pH changes

D．some disastrous events will occur more often than before

小題3:Most experts once believed storing carbon dioxide in the ocean would reduce________ .

A．the CO2 absorbed by the ocean	B．the amount of greenhouse warming
C．the acidity of the ocean	D．the gradual release of CO2

小題4:The purpose of this passage is to_________ .

A．show people the findings of a research team	B．inform people of how acid the ocean is now
C．introduce Dr Caldeira and his team's research	D．warn people of the higher level of CO2

Doreen Sykora is now a junior at McGill University. She had a difficult time when she first began college. She said, “I was always well prepared for my examinations. But when I go into class to take the exam, I would fall apart. I could just blank out because of nervousness and fear.” Hitoshi Sakamoto, an anthropology(人類(lèi)學(xué)) student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.
These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is stressed(加壓力于) about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.
Now there are special university courses to help students. In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety. Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it. First students take a practice test to measure their worry level. If the tests show that their stress level is high, the students can take a short course to manage the fear. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. They get training to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work more easily. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.
Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course. She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods. “Mostly, what I do is imagine myself in a very calm place. Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil. I move slowly and carefully. I breathe easily and let all the tension out. With each breath, more worry leaves me. It really works too. My grades have improved greatly! I’m really doing well at McGill now. This relaxation method works not only on examinations, but it has improved the rest of my life as well.”
For Hitoshi in Tokyo, the results were much the same. He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.
小題1:What is the similarity between Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto?

A．They are students from the same university.

B．They failed in all the examinations.

C．They both had experiences of test anxiety.

D．They both had the same poor studying habits.

小題2:The phrase “blank out” in Paragraph 1 refers to “_______.”

A．lose interest in the exam	B．refuse to take the exam
C．get an extra paper	D．be unable to think clearly

小題3:What’s the purpose of some special university student-help courses?

A．To help students to reduce test anxiety.

B．To show a stress level experienced by students.

C．To learn more knowledge about test anxiety.

D．To have a better understanding of test anxiety.

The average person learns most of the 30 000～40 000 words whose meanings he or she recognizes by hearing them or getting familiar with them in the context or simply absorbing them without conscious(意識(shí)到的) effort. The best way to build a good vocabulary, therefore, is to read a great deal and to participate in a lot of good talks. There are relatively few words that we learn permanently(永久的)by purposefully referring to dictionaries or keeping word lists. However, even those extra few are of value, and no one will make a mistake by working on developing a larger vocabulary. Here are some suggestions of how to do it.
Read plenty of good books. When you come across a new word, or a new meaning of an old word, stop and see if you can understand it from its context. If you can't, and if you can manage without interrupting the thought of the book too much, look it up in a dictionary or ask somebody and then repeat its meaning to yourself a couple of times. If you are really conscientious(認(rèn)真的), write the word and its meaning in a personal vocabulary list — preferably using it in a sentence, or you can keep a special vocabulary notebook. Go over the list from time to time. Further, try to use a new word in writing or conversation a few times over the next several days.
Listen to good talks and be alert to new words you hear or to new meanings of words you already know. Then treat them just as you treat the new words you read.
Learn and be alert to the parts of words: prefixes, suffixes and roots. Knowing them enables you to make intelligent guesses about the meaning of words.
If you are studying a foreign language, be alert to words in that language which relate to words in English. English has inherited(繼承) or borrowed much of its vocabulary of 500 000～600 000 words from Latin, Greek, French, Spanish and German.
小題1:When you meet a new word in reading, what should you do?

A．Guess its meaning.	B．Ask somebody.
C．Look it up in a dictionary.	D．All of the above.

小題2:According to this passage, the best way to build a good vocabulary is _______.

A．to remember a lot	B．to read a great deal
C．to take part in a lot of good talks	D．both B and C

小題3:The phrase “be alert to” in the third paragraph may best be replaced by “_______”.

A．look at	B．pay attention to
C．write down	D．learn by heart

小題4:In the fourth paragraph, the word “them” refers to _______.

A．the parts of words	B．prefixes
C．suffixes	D．roots

With only about 1, 000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone(克隆) the animal and save the endangered species(物種). That’s a move similar to what a Texas A & M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos(胚胎), semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A & M’s College of Veterinary Medicine, says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.
It is estimated that as many as 2, 000 species of mammals, birds reptiles will become extinct in over 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.
This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.
“The nuclear transfer(核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available(capable of being used) panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby). It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A& M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.
“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a research that is very much needed.”
小題1:The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to _______.

A．make efforts to clone the endangered pandas

B．save endangered animals from dying out

C．collect DNA of endangered animals to study

D．transfer the nuclear of one animal to another

小題2:According to Professor Kraemer, the major problem in cloning pandas would be the lack of _______.

A．a(chǎn)vailable panda eggs	B．host animals
C．qualified researchers	D．enough money

小題3:The best title for the passage may be _______.

A．China’s Success in Pandas Cloning

B．The First Cloned Panda in the World

C．Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas

D．China —the Native Place of Pandas Forever

小題4:From the passage we know that _______.

A．Kraemer and his team have succeeded in cloning a dog

B．scientists try to implant a panda’s egg into a rabbit

C．Kraemer will work with Chinese scientists in clone researches

D．a(chǎn)bout two thousand of species will probably die out in a century