Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收縮) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: "Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart."
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, "The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don't see - and guide whether we see fear."
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person's feeling of fear. “We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear," Dr Garfinkel said.
"We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder."
小題1:What is the finding of the study?
A.One's heart affects how he feels fear.
B.fear is a result of one's relaxed heartbeat.
C.fear has something to do with one's health.
D.Ones fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
小題2:The study was carried out by analyzing _______.
A.volunteers' heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
B.the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
C.volunteers' reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
D.different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication
小題3:Which of the following is closest in meaning to "mechanism" in Paragraph 6?
A.Order.B.system.C.machine.D.treatment.
小題4:This study may contribute to _______.
A.treating anxiety and stress better
B.explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
C.finding the sky to the heart-brain communication
D.understanding different fears in our hearts and heads

小題1:A
小題2:C
小題3:B
小題4:A

【文章大意】:本文屬于科普文,介紹了心臟與恐懼的關(guān)系。通過兩次試驗,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩者之間的關(guān)系,同時借助這一發(fā)現(xiàn),研究者希望能夠減輕或者治療恐懼和壓力所帶來的諸多問題。
小題1:根據(jù)文章第一段第一句Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.可以得出本題答案A。C選項表述與本文無關(guān),D選項表述不正確。
小題2:根據(jù)文章第四段第一句The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.以及第五段第一句To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person's feeling of fear.可以得出本題答案C。
小題3:mechanism 機制,技能。
小題4:根據(jù)文章最后一段"We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder."可以得出本題答案。
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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class, a monitor(監(jiān)控器)a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.
Using a web camera equipped in Jennifer’s Los Angeles apartment, the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room. Her Internet access was locked - remotely - to prevent Internet searches , and her typing style was analyzed to make sure she was who she said she was: Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down?
In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid - that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers.
Although online classes have existed for more than a decade, the concern over cheating has become sharper in the last year with the growth of "open online courses." Private colleges, public universities and corporations are jumping into the online education field, spending millions of dollars to attract potential students, while also taking steps to help guarantee honesty at a distance.
Aside from the web cameras, a number of other high-tech methods are becoming increasingly popular. Among them are programs that check students’ identities using personal information, such as the telephone number they once used.
Other programs can produce unique exam by drawing on a large list of questions and can recognize possible cheaters by analyzing whether difficult test question are answered at the same speed as easy ones. As in many university classes, term papers are scanned against some large Internet data banks for cheating.
小題1:Why was Jennifer watched in an online exam?
A.To correct her typing mistakes.
B.To find her secrets in the room.
C.To prevent her from slowing down.
D.To keep her from dishonest behaviors.
小題2:The underlined expression cutting edge in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to______.
A.a(chǎn)dvanced techniqueB.sharpening tool
C.effective ruleD.dividing line
小題3: For Internet universities, exams and diplomas will be valid if _____.
A.they can attract potential studentsB.they can defeat academic cheating
C.they offer students online helpD.they offer many online courses
小題4:Some programs can find out possible cheaters by _____.
A.checking the question answering speed
B.producing a large number of question
C.scanning the Internet test question
D.giving difficult test question
小題5: Which of the following is the best title of this passage?
A.The Advantages of Online Exams
B.The High-tech Methods in Online Courses
C.The Fight against Cheating in Online Education
D.The War against the Booming of Online Education

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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

Everybody cheats. Whether it’s the taxi driver who tricks a visitor and takes them the long way round, or the shop assistant who doesn’t give the correct change, or the police officer who accepts a bribe (賄賂) – everybody’s at it. Cheats in the nest include the scientist whose research was based on fake data, the game show competitors who worked with a friend in the audience or win a million pounds, and the doctor who made up his qualifications and wasn’t really a doctor at all. Everybody cheats; nobody’s playing the game.
Is cheating acceptable, a natural way of surviving and being successful? Or is it something that should be frowned on, and young people discouraged from doing? If it’s the latter how can we explain to children why so many bend the rules?
Take sport for example. The Word Cup was filled with cheating. Whether diving, pretending to be hurt or denying a handball, footballers will do anything for a free – kick or a penalty shot. France striker Henry denied cheating to win the free – kick which led to his side’s second goal in their 3 – 1 victory over Spain. Many footballers, however, are often putting it on. Whatever the nationality there’s one common ploy: the player rolls over holding their leg, ankle or head seeming to be in great pain. As a result a yellow card and / or free – kick is given for the foul and then, a few seconds later, the player is up and about as if nothing had happened ! The ref (裁判) may be taken in by it but youngsters watching the game aren’t. they also see their heroes getting away with it.
Of course it’s not just football. In 1998 the Tour de France, the world’s greatest cycling event, was hit by a drug – taking scandal (丑聞). The 40 bottles of forbidden drugs found with the Fustian team caused a massive investigation that almost caused the Tour to be abandoned. One rider, Veronique, was banned for 9 months. He claimed: “You have cheats in sport, just as you do in business – there will always be people trying to take a short cut. At least we’re not turning a blind eye to the problem, which other sports are.”
Is it all unavoidable? There’s huge pressure on all athletes to perform for their fans and for their sponsors. It’s success, money and power that rule professional sport rather than an honest at tempt to do the best one can.
Meanwhile companies around the world are losing billions of dollars to fake products. From cut price CDs and DVDs to sportswear, cheap fake products are everywhere. It has become socially acceptable to buy fake Gucci bags and illegal copies of films. If parents are doing this, their children will follow.
So perhaps it’s not surprising that around the world more pupils than ever are caught cheating during exams. In one case missing exam papers were put up for sale on the Internet. In another, widespread cheating took place by pupils using their mobile phones to receive tested answers. They blame the pressure put on them to do well in exams. It doesn’t help that their role models are also cheats. Surely we can’t complain when we’re setting such a bad example.
小題1:According to the passage, in which way can a game show player cheat?
A.By taking an indirect way.B.By gaining aid from a friend.
C.By taking forbidden drugs.D.By selling fake products.
小題2:The phrase “be frowned on”(Paragraph 2) most probably means           .
A.to be disapproved ofB.to be pushed forward
C.to be taken the place ofD.to be stuck with
小題3:The writer’s suppose for writing this passage is to         .
A.explain why people in almost every field cheat
B.complain about cheats in school education
C.persuade young people not to cheat in exams
D.blame the society for tolerating cheats
小題4:The writer mentions the example of the World Cup in Paragraph 3 in order to           .
A.show cheating is a common phenomenon nowadays
B.discuss the relationship between sport and cheating
C.explore the nature of cheating in important events
D.warn coaches and athletes of the danger of cheating
小題5:Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?
A.Exams are not a good way of testing children.
B.Children are natural cheats.
C.If adults cheat, children will cheat too.
D.Everyone including children cheats.

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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

In 1883. John Roebling was inspired by an idea to build a spectacular bridge connecting New York with the Long Island. However, bridge building experts throughout the world thought this was an impossible feat and told Roebling to forget the idea, but Roebling could not ignore the vision he had in his mind of this bridge. After much discussion and persuasion he managed to convince his son Washington, an up and coming engineer, that the bridge in fact could be built.
The project started well, but when it was only a few months underway a tragic accident on the site took the life of John Roebling. Washington was injured and left with a certain amount of brain damage, which resulted in him not being able to walk or talk or even move.
"We told them so." "Crazy men and their crazy dreams.'' "It's foolish to chase wild visions." Evcryone had a negative comment to make and felt that the project should be scrapped since the Roeblings were the only ones who knew how the bridge could be built. In spite of his handicap, Washington was never discouraged.
One day he was lying on his bed in hospital, seeing the sky and the tops of the trees outside for just a moment with the sunlight streaming through the windows, and a gentle breeze bowing the  flimsy white curtains apart when an idea hit him. He decided to make the best use of the only finger  he could move. Thus, he slowly developed a code of communication with his wife.
He touched his wife's arm with that finger, indicating to her that he wanted her to call the engineers again. Then he used the same method of tapping her arm to tell the engineers what to do. It seemed foolish but the project was under way again.
For 13 years Washington tapped out his instructions with his finger on his wife's arm until the bridge was finally completed.
小題1:Which of the following is true of Washington and his father?
A.They are hardworking and courageous.
B.They are stubborn and bold.
C.They are creative and persistent.
D.They are curious and modest.
小題2: In the third paragraph, the underlined phrase''wild vision" refers to______.
A.the tragic accidentB.the building of the bridge
C.the brain damageD.the discussion and persuasion
小題3: What can we learn about Washington's wife?
A.She could understand Washington and helped him a lot.
B.She cnuldn't understand him but took good care of him.
C.She didn't like Washington's idea about building the bridge.
D.She took the responsibility to continue building the bridge.
小題4:From the passage, we know that_______when Roebling proposed building the bridge.
A.people all over America supported him
B.a(chǎn)lmost no bridge experts in the world supported him
C.his friends were strongly in favor of his idea
D.many people considered it would be a great fe
小題5: The passage suggests that______.
A.NO pains, no gains.
B.Many hands make light work.
C.A lighted heart is a good medicine.
D.Passion creates wonder.

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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

The way we get about has a deep influence on the way we live-affecting where we set up home, work and holiday. So what changes might come in the way we get around? What big ideas are out there, and do they have any chance of coming true?
Personal Air Travel
The idea: flying cars
Developments in light small plane technology will make it possible for everyone to own what are, in fact, flying cars. They will have closed cabins, heating, stereos and room for two people.
You will take off from a field near your home and fly to towns and cities. After landing, you will take off the fixed wing and continue your journey by road just as if you were traveling by car.
Fuel efficient engines and the advantage of being able to travel in the sky will keep costs and the environmental influence down.
Flying for Fun
The idea: Jet Packs
The idea was a hit when a stuntman (特技演員) flew around on one during the opening ceremony of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, which was very successful.
You’ll be able to use the equipment-roughly the size of two scuba tanks fastened to your back-for short journeys.
They will be handy for cleaning hard-to-reach windows, arriving in style at a party and shopping.
Taxis
The idea: driverless taxis
These computer-controlled taxis will take you wherever you want along a fixed route, whenever you want to go.
For the price of one person’s bus fare, several people can ride at speeds of up to 25 mph, and there will be fences to guard against accidents.
There will be little, if any, wait for the use of the taxis, which will leave from stations and will be used by prepaid cards.
The taxis, which will travel on a 1.5 m-wide track, will use 75% less energy per passenger than a car and 50% less than a bus.
小題1:The passage is mainly about ________.
A.future travelB.big ideas and dreams
C.a(chǎn)dvanced technologyD.the influence of travel
小題2:We learn from the passage that flying cars ________.
A.will operate only in the sky
B.will be more expensive than common cars
C.will have few bad effects on the environment
D.won’t be equipped with things similar to what cars have
小題3: With Jet Packs, we can do all the following EXCEPT ________.
A.a(chǎn)ttend a partyB.clean high windows
C.go shoppingD.have a long journey
小題4:As for driverless taxis, we can infer that ________.
A.we can go wherever we want in them
B.they will be both convenient and safe
C.it costs more to take them than to take ordinary cars
D.they will be operated by computers as well as by people

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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

Last night’s meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley’s mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.
“My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”
Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.
There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (遷徙的) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”
Countless more animal casualties (傷亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings. But some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person’s chances of getting cancer.
Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.
小題1:It happened last night that _____.
A.the city’s lights affected the meteor watching
B.the meteors flew past before being noticed
C.the city light show attracted many people
D.the meteor watching ended up a social outing
小題2:What do the astronomers complain about?
A.Meteor showers occur less often than before.
B.Their observation equipment is in poor repair.
C.Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.
D.Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting.
小題3:What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?
A.Birds may take other migration paths.
B.Animals’ living habits may change suddenly
C.Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced
D.Animals’ survival is threatened by outdoor lighting.
小題4:Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona are put into effect to _____.
A.lessen the chance of getting cancer
B.create an ideal observation condition
C.ensure citizens a good sleep at night
D.enable all creatures to live in harmony
小題5:What message does the author most want to give us?
A.Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.
B.Great efforts should be made to save energy.
C.Human activities should be environmentally friendly.
D.New equipment should be introduced for space study..

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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

The oldest and most common source(來源) of renewaBle energy known to man, Biomass is one of the most important forms energy production in the United States and elsewhere. Since such a wide variety of Biomass materials is everywhere ---- from trees and grasses to agricultural and city ---- life wastes ----Biomass promises to play a continuing role in providing power and heat for millions of people around the world.
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists(UCS), Biomass is a kind of renewaBle energy source that produces no carBon dioxide(二氧化碳), Because the energy it contains comes from the sun. When plant matter is Burned, it gives off the sun’s energy. In this way, Biomass serves as a sort of natural Battery(電池) for storing the sun’s energy. As long as Biomass is produced continuously ----with only as much grown as is used--- the “Battery” lasts forever.
According to the Energy Information Administration, Biomass has Been one of the leading renewaBle energy sources in the United States for several years running through 2007, making up Between 0.5 and 0.9 percent of the nation’s total electricity supply. In 2008----although the numBers aren’t all in yet----wind power proBaBly took over first place Because of the rapid development of wind farms across the country.
Producing power from Biomass helps reduce some 11 million tons of carBon dioxide each year. Some homeowners also try to make their own heat By using Biomass materials. Such practice may save homeowner’s money, But it also produces a lot of pollution. So, the Best way is to encourage power plants to use it.
小題1:Why is Biomass considered as “ a sort of natural Battery”?
A.It Burns merely plant matter.B.It keeps producing electricity.
C.It stores the energy from the sun.D.It produces zero carBon dioxide.
小題2:We learn from the text that in 2008 ______.
A.Wind power would Be the leader of renewaBle energy.
B.there was a rapid growth of electricity production
C.Biomass might Become the main energy source
D.0.5~0.9 of power supply came from Biomass
小題3:Why does the author encourage power plants to use Biomass?
A.To prevent the waste of energy.B.To increase production safety.
C.To reduce pollution.D.To save money.
小題4:Where does the text proBaBly come from?
A.A research plan.B.A science magazine
C.A Book review.D.A Business report.

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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

Cats are very smart. They are one of the smartest animals. The brain of a cat is large.  It is highly developed. This may be why cats have good memories. Cats remember kindness and cruelty. It is a good idea to treat a cat well. Cats can “speak” too. They meow for attention. Often they stand by a door. Then they meow. Then they look over their shoulders. They want to see if their owners are coming. Cats make other noises also. They purr(貓發(fā)出的咕嚕聲)when they are happy. They hiss when they are angry.
Cats have a lot of pride. They don’t usually do silly tricks. Almost all cats want to have their own way. They are mostly true to only one person. They don’t switch loyalty easily. Cats were free in the wild. They want to stay that way. They like to be their own masters. When a cat is left alone, it can go back to caring for itself. It can live in the wild again. This is different from dogs. Dogs will switch their loyalty. At one time dogs were loyal to the leaders of their packs. Now, they will transfer allegiance(忠誠)to their owner. They do not like to be alone.
With kindness, a cat can be trained. Cats can learn to do many things. Some cats can learn to open doors. Some can ring doorbells. Some can even turn on water tap. Then they take a drink. Cats are very smart. Before drinking, they put a paw in the water. They test whether the water is hot or cold.
小題1:What is the best title for this passage?
A.The Difference Between Dogs and Cats.B.The Characteristics of Cats.
C. Loyal Animals.D. How to Keep Cats?
小題2:It’s interesting to have cats around ourselves because ________.
A.they always switch their loyalty    B. they like to do silly tricks
C. they will hiss when they are happy  D they are smart and have good memories
小題3:The last paragraph mainly shows that ________.
A.cats can test whether the water is cold or not
B.cats know how to turn on the water tap
C.cats are smart
D.cats know how to open a door

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科目:高中英語 來源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

FRIDAY, Aug. 3 (Health Day News) -- Middle school students who are physically fit are likely to score higher on standardized tests measuring reading and math abilities, a new study has found. And, the average scores went up in connection with levels of fitness, the findings showed.
“The more physically fit kids were, the higher their scores,” said the study’s lead author, Trent Petrie, director of the Center for Sport Psychology at the University of North Texas in Denton. “Parents should encourage their kids to be physically active. There are some real cognitive (認知的) and academic benefits that come from physical fitness”, Petrie said.
Results of the study are scheduled to be presented Friday at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in Orlando, Fla. The study included more than 1,200 middle school students from five schools in a suburban area of Texas, with 561 boys and 650 girls. About 57 percent of the children were white, and nearly one-quarter were Mexican American. Nine percent were black and about 2 percent were of Asian descent.
The school district provided the researchers with information on the children’s race, age, grade level and whether they qualified for the free school lunch program, which was an indicator of the family’s socioeconomic status. The schools also provided scores to the tests, which were given between one and four months after the researchers had assessed the children’s levels of fitness. Fitness tests were administered during physical education classes to determine the youngsters’ heart and lung health (cardiorespiratory fitness), as well as their body mass index (BMI), an indicator of how much body fat a person has. The children also filled out questionnaires that helped the researchers determine factors such as self-esteem and social support.
After accounting for factors such as age, sex, family income and self-esteem, the researchers found that for both boys and girls, higher levels of heart and lung health predicted better scores on both the math and reading tests.
For boys, perceived (感觀的) social support also seemed to increase their reading scores, the investigators found. In girls, while being physically fit predicted higher reading scores, so too did a higher BMI-- which indicates more body fat. “We were a little surprised by this finding,” Petrie said.
“It was not as strong an association as the one with physical fitness,” he added. The authors suspect it may have something to do with girls this age entering adolescence, which may be related to a higher BMI and slightly higher brain development. He said he plans to make great effort to look for this relationship again in larger studies to see if it was a chance finding, or if the association holds up.
“While we can’t say 100 percent that physical fitness causes better academic performance, we can say that there is a strong and predictive relationship between physical fitness and academic performance,” Petrie said.
“It’s hard to tease apart (梳理) the exact reason for this association,” said Becky Hashim, an attending clinical psychologist and assistant professor in the departments of psychiatry and pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital of Montefiore, in New York City.
“It may be that the children are getting more oxygen. When the heart and lungs are working at a higher capacity, it may allow the brain to work at peak performance. Children who are less fit may be sleepier during school,” she noted. “I personally feel that there’s probably a strong relationship between the confidence you get from being able to do something physical well and academic performance.”
Whatever the reason behind this association may be, “there’s certainly no harm in pushing physical fitness,” Hashim added. “Physical fitness may make you feel better, give you more confidence and improve your performance across the board,” she said.
Petrie agreed. “Physically fit kids are happier, have higher self-esteem and, tend to have better relationships, and now we’re beginning to see that there also seem to be benefits cognitively and academically. Our study sends a strong warning to policymakers to reconsider the service program of physical education classes for kids,” he said.
小題1:How did the school district help the researchers carry out the study?
A.By analyzing the data of fitness tests.
B.By giving some basic information.
C.By completing some questionnaires.
D.By offering a certain amount of Money.
小題2:According to the passage, the result of the study will be published ______.
A.in a bookB.in a journalC.a(chǎn)t a conferenceD.on the Internet
小題3:What’s the suitable title of the passage?
A.Parents should be aware of the benefit of fitness.
B.Fitter kids are likely to make better grades.
C.Fitness affects kids’ social behavior greatly.
D.Teachers should value physical education classes.
小題4:What’s Becky Hashim’s attitude towards the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance?
A.SupportiveB.IndifferentC.CriticalD.Doubtful
小題5:What does the underlined word “one” in Paragraph refer to?
A.The BMI.B.The body fat.C.The brain development.D.The test score.
小題6:From the last paragraph we can infer that physically fit kids ______.
A.deserve to be treated wellB.live much longer than others
C.get along well with othersD.enjoy a peaceful life

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