The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs will stop doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present．
The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs and getting them to present a paw for a reward．On giving this “handshake” the dogs received a piece of food．One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food．The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform the task．
The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stress when its partner was rewarded．
To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the frustration of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner．Here they continued to present the paw for much longer．
Dr Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behaviour．
“The only difference is one gets food and the other doesn’t, they are responding to being unequally rewarded．” she said．
The researchers say this kind of behaviour, where one animal gets frustrated with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates(靈長類) before．
Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward．
The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference．Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either．Dr Range says this may be because they have been trained．
57．The dogs refused to give the paw when they_______．
A．found another dog was given nothing
B．felt they were not treated equally
C．were aware they received less food
D．were given too much reward
58．What would the dogs do if they presented their paw alone?
A．They would go on with the performance much longer．
B．They would be too shy to present their paw．
C．They would miss their partners．
D．They would compare what they got with that of others．
59．According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees ______．
A．pay no attention to the type of reward
B．only like to play interesting games
C．pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded
D．care more about how they are rewarded
60．Which of the following can best summerise the passage?
A．Animals’ various ways to show anger
B．Dogs are more envious than man
C．Most animals want to be be rewarded for their work
D．Animals also have a sense of fairplay

小題1:B
小題2:A
小題3:C
小題4:D
         
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空


第二節(jié)：完形填空（共20小題；每小題1．5分，滿分30分）
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從36—55各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。
A recent study shows that gossip（流言蜚語）is more powerful than truth．It suggests people believe what they hear through the grapevine(小道消息)__36__they have evidence to the contrary．
Researchers, __37__students using a computer game, also found gossip played an important role when people __38__ decisions．"We show that gossip has a strong __39__, even when people have __40__ to the original information as well as gossip about the same information．Thus, it is __41__ that gossip has a strong controlling potential," said Ralf Sommerfeld, who led the study．
In the study, the researchers __42__ the students money and allowed them to give it to others in a series of rounds．The students also wrote __43__ about how others played the game that everyone could review．Students tended to give __44__ money to people described as “scrooges (吝嗇鬼)” and more to those described as “__45__ players”．“People only believed the gossip, not the past decisions," Sommerfeld said in a telephone interview．
The researchers then took the game a step_46_and showed the students the actual decisions people had made．But they also supplied false gossip that contradicted that __47_．In these cases, the students_48_ their decisions to award money on the gossip, __49__ the hard evidence．
“If you know what the people did, you should care, but they still __50__ what others said,” Sommerfeld said．Researchers have __51__ used similar games to study how people cooperate and the __52__ of gossip in groups．Scientists define gossip __53__ social information spread about a person who is not __54__．In evolutionary terms, gossip can be an important tool for people to __55__ information about others' reputations or find the way through social networks at work and in their everyday lives．
36．A．in case     B．for fear that     C．a(chǎn)s if  D．even if    
37．A．testing     B．checking C．examining       D．experimenting
38．A．draw       B．make       C．reach       D．conclude
39．A．impression      B．difference       C．influence D．function
40．A．a(chǎn)ccess      B．entrance   C．charge     D．communication
41．A．curious    B．serious     C．obvious    D．worth
42．A．impressed      B．a(chǎn)sked       C．showed    D．gave
43．A．a(chǎn)rticles    B．notes       C．dairies     D．letters
44．A．less B．more       C．fewer       D．much
45．A．general    B．mean       C．generous D．outgoing
46．A．a(chǎn)way       B．forward   C．a(chǎn)head       D．further
47．A．existence B．evidence C．confidence      D．dependence
48．A．based       B．put   C．focused    D．passed
49．A．more than       B．less than   C．rather than      D．other than
50．A．referred to      B．listened to       C．turned to D．stuck to
51．A．soon        B．presently C．far    D．long
52．A．strength   B．energy     C．effect     D．force
53．A．a(chǎn)s     B．for   C．to     D．by
54．A．a(chǎn)bsent      B．present     C．gone  D．missing
55．A．a(chǎn)chieve    B．earn C．a(chǎn)cquire    D．win

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Student Services
Students' Union
Every University has a Students' Union. If students are the lifeblood of a university, the Union is surely its beating heart.
For students, by students
A Students’ Union is run by students and acts independently. At the end of each academic year, it will find six students to hold a sabbatical（帶有休假的） position managing the Union for the coming year. That the six successful sabbatical officers have only recently experienced issues affecting students ensures that your needs are very well understood.
Letting your hair down
Although the University is spread across a fairly wide area, the Union is centrally located and is only a short walk from any of the main buildings. This makes it very easy to catch up with friends who might be on a different course.
At night, the place really comes alive – we have three different bars to suit every occasion. The venues are student-only so you can be sure of meeting people with a similar outlook and we throw in a transport service to make sure you get home safely.
The Union also organizes various formal balls throughout the year, with the highlight being the end-of-year ball.
Supporting you
Beyond having fun, we also make sure some of the more serious issues are effectively dealt with. If you have a problem with your course, another sabbatical officer is trained to help you. Being independent from the University means we can represent and support you to the best of our ability, and once you reach university you may find that you become aware of more national or political issues.
小題1:From the second paragraph of the passage, we can infer that ______.
A．a(chǎn) Students’ Union is operated by the university
B．a(chǎn) Students’ Union is not operated by the university
C．a(chǎn) Students’ Union is operated is working for the university
D．a(chǎn) Students’ Union is affected by the university
小題2: The person who takes up a certain post of the Students’ Union ______.
A．learns what the students need
B．is very happy and easy
C．can affect the life of any student
D．has understood everything of the University
小題3:According to the third paragraph, we can learn that ______.
A．a(chǎn) Students’ Union is far away from the university
B．a(chǎn) Students’ Union is near to the home
C．a(chǎn) Students’ Union is central part of the university
D．a(chǎn) Students’ Union has different courses for all the students
小題4:From the passage, we can learn that ______ is the most wonderful program of every year.
A．making friends
B．dancing in a bar
C．the match of the end-year ball
D．electing the officers
小題5:After reading the last two parts, we can infer that _______.
A．the Students’ Union can help a student who has trouble in the study
B．the Students’ Union can help a student who is being trained
C．the Students’ Union can cultivate the ability of a student to be suitable for political position
D．the Students’ Union can support a student to run the University

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Self-esteem(自尊心)is all about how much we feel valued,accepted and thought well of by others---and how much we value,love and accept ourselves.Poeple with healthy self-esteem are able to feel good about themselves,appreciate their own worth,and take pride in their abilities,skills,and accomplishments with others,feel happier,find it easier to deal with low self-esteem may feel as if no one will like them or accept them or that they can’t do well in anything.
Here are some steps that may help improve your self-esteem:
Try to stop     Try to thinking about negative thoughts about yourself.If you’re used to focusing on your shortcomings,start thinking about positive aspects of yourself that outwheigh them .Each day,write down three things about yourself that make you happy.it is good to aim high,but your goals should be within reach.That’s why you should set pratical goals and never expect the impossible.Mistakes are part of learning,so view mistakes as learning opportunities.Accept that you will make mistakes because everyone does.Also, you should recognize what you can change and what you can’t.if you realize that you’re unhappy with something about yourself that you can change, then start today.If it’s something you can’t change(like your height),then start to work toward loving yourself the way you are.Feeling like you’re making a difffference and that your help is valued can do wonders to improve self-esteem.So don’t hesitate to make a contribution.Help a classmate who’s having trouble,help clean up your campus,or volunteer your time in some other way.
Self-esteem plays a role in almost everything you do.It’s never to be late to build healthy positive self-esteem.It takes some work,but healthy self-esteem is an asset you’ll have for life.
小題1:What does the author mainly want to tell us in this passage?
A．Self-esteem plays an important role in life.
B．What self-esteem means
C．How people can improve their self-esteem.
D．What people with healthy self-esteem are like.
小題2:The  underlined word “them” in paragagh 3 refers to_____.
A．negative thoughtsB．your shortcomings
C．positive aspectsD．your goals
小題3:According to the passage,which of the following can help you improve your self-esteem?
A．Setting high goals.
B．Never forgiving yourself for your mistakes.
C．Changing all the things that make you upset.
D．Lending a hand to a classmate in trouble.
小題4:How many ways to improve your self self-esteem are given in this passage?
A．4B．5C．6D．7

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Over 1，400 university students from 37 countries and regions came to China for the 2008’s WorldMUN meeting（世界大學(xué)生模擬聯(lián)合國大會）. The meeting was held in Peking University from January 5th to 11st, 2008.
The idea of the WorldMUN began in 1991. A group of students at Harvard（哈佛）University wanted to make a new meeting to bring together the students who were interested in the world. They wanted to discuss different problems around the world. The WorldMUN is based on understanding, compromise, learning and friendship. The first meeting was held in Poland in 1992. After that, it is held in spring every year. Last year, it was held in Scotland.
This was the first time the WorldMUN meeting was held in Asia. It was also the biggest one in history. The students came from the best universities around the world. During the five-day meeting, they did everything that people in the UN do. Though their skin colors and cultures were different, they had the same wish to make the world better.
1.The 2008’s WorldMUN meeting was held in   .
A. Scotland    B. Harvard University    C. Beijing University     D. Thailand
2.The word “compromise” in the passage means    in Chinese.
A. 友誼         B. 理解         C. 和解         D. 同情
3. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. The students want to travel around the world.
B. The students are interested in the world.
C. The students want to discuss different problems.
D. one world, one wish !
4.The best title of the passage is     .
A. The First WorldMUN Meeting     B. The WorldMUN Meeting
C. University Student               D. A warm welcome to Beijing

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use．This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives．
To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so ．Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today．It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it brought about was typically localized．In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient．
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution．Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields．Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable．However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity．
What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050，yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions．
All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th．This will require radical（激進(jìn)的）thinking．For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones．We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”．The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage．Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used．There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity．It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting, but we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity．
What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production．
72．How do people often measure progress in agriculture?
A．By its productivity                 B． By its impact on the environment　　
C．By its sustainability                D．By its contribution to economic growth
73．What does the author think of traditional farming practices?
　　A．They have remained the same over the centuries
　　B．They have not kept pace with population growth
　　C．They are not necessarily sustainable
　　D．They are environmentally friendly
74．What will agriculture be like in the 21st century?
　　A．It will go through radical changes
　　B．It will supply more animal products
　　C．It will abandon traditional farming practices
　　D．It will cause zero damage to the environment
75．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
　　A．To remind people of the need of sustainable development
　　B．To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production
　　C．To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress
　　D．To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is．

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


The Josephson Institute, a Los Angeles-based ethics institute, surveyed 29,760 students at 100 high schools nationwide, both public and private. The survey found that 35% of boys and 26% of girls admitted stealing from a store within the past year and 64% have cheated on a test, which suggests that today' s young people are less honest than previous generations.
However, Josephson addressed that today's youth are no less honest than their predecessors. "The question is not whether things are worse, but whether they are bad enough to attract concern. This is not a time to complain but to take thoughtful, positive actions. "
Roberta Gerold, superintendent of the Middle Country School District and a leader of the campaign, said parents and school officials need to be more diligent – for example, emphasizing to students the distinctions between original and borrowed work. "Adults are not taking this very seriously," he said. "The schools are not doing even the most moderate thing."
Nijmie Dzurinko, executive director of the Philadelphia Student Union, said the findings were not at all reflective of the inner-city students she works with as an advocate for better curriculum and school funding. "A lot of people like to blame society's problems on young people, without recognizing that young people aren't making the decisions about what's happening in society. "
Riddile, who for four decades was a high school teacher, agreed that more pressure could lead to more cheating, yet he said, "I would take these students over other generations. I found them to be more responsive, more rewarding to work with. We have to create situations where it's easy for kids to do the right things. We need to create classrooms where learning takes on more importance than having the right answer. "
60. According to the first paragraph, we know that __________.
A. the Josephson Institute is a Los Angeles-based public school
B. students in ethics institute are honest
C. cheating on tests is very common in America
D. more public school students admitted stealing
61. What does the underlined phrase "borrowed work" refer to?
A. Ideas taken from other person's works.      B. Words borrowed from another language.
C. Homework assigned by the teachers.              D. Work done by your classmates.
62. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Riddile takes the young students over other generations.
B. Roberta Gerold found them to be more responsive.
C. Nijmie Dzurinko said the findings were reflective of the inner-city students.
D. Josephson addressed that today's youth are less honest than their predecessors.
63. According to the passage, we can infer that it's _________ that should be to blame for the problem.
A. the students          B. previous generations         C. public schools        D. parents and schools

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


“Around 500,000 years ago, at the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian in Beijing’s suburban Fangshan district, which is about 50 km from the city of Beijing, there lived early human beings,” says a China history textbook.
The textbook now has to be revised. New dating techniques suggest the remains of Peking Man--- found in the 1920s---are over 200,000 years older than previously thought. What’s important about that date, about 770,000 ago, is that this was an ice age on Earth.
Over Earth’s long history, there have been a number of times when ice and snow covered a large part of its surface. Such periods are known as ice ages.
Earth is in an ice age now. It started about 2 million years ago. Despite the many warm periods since then, scientists regard the whole time as one ice age because of the continuous existence of at least one large ice sheet---the one over Antarctica.
The new discovery was made by Chinese and US scientists. It suggests Peking Man is probably our oldest cold weather human being, said Darryl Granger, an atmospheric scientist at Purdue University whose research appears in Thursday’s edition of the journal Nature.
The average yearly temperature at the time in that part of China was around the freezing mark, but it was too dry for an ice sheet, Granger said.
This raises a question. How did Peking Man survive the cold weather?
Rick Potts, a Smithsonian Institution human origins expert who wasn’t involved in the research, raised three possibilities:
First, fire. Early findings showed signs of a fire in Peking Man’s cave. But there has been debate about whether the fire was accidental or controlled.
Second, fur. There is no evidence that Peking Man used simple tools to make more form-fitting clothes, it’s more likely he wore animal fur.
Lastly, he may have developed gradually to handle the cold. Peking Man may have experienced physiological changes that allowed more blood to flow to his hands and legs, Potts said. “People in general who live in colder climates tend to be shorter and wider,” he explained.
Unlike the times of Peking Man today the global temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect. In the future, could humans develop to handle the warmth just as Peking Man did to fight the cold?
72. According to the new research, Peking Man actually dates back to _______.
A. around 500,000 years ago            B. over 200,000 years
C. about 770,000 years ago             D. about 2 million years ago
73. What is the most important standard for scientists to decide an ice age?
A. The weather conditions.              B. The continuous existence of any large ice sheets.
C. The average yearly temperature        D. The long period of snowfall
74. Which of the following is true of Peking Man?
A. He is the oldest human being           B. He used fire to keep warm
C. He wore form-fitting clothes made from fur with simple tools.
D. He might have been shorter and wider than previously thought.
75. The following are all the possibilities EXCEPT _______ that the Peking Man survived the cold weather.
A. putting up tents to keep the cold out      B. wearing animal fur
C. using fire in their cave                 D. developing gradually to handle the cold.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


E
Twenty years ago, most experts believed that differences in how boys and girls behaved were mainly due to differences in how they were treated by their parents, teachers, and friends. It’s hard to cling to that belief today. Recent research has shown that there are biological differences between boys and girls. Understanding these differences is important in raising and educating children.
For example, girls are born with more sensitive hearing than boys, and the difference increases as kids grow up. So when a grown man speaks to a girl in what he thinks is a normal voice, she may hear it as yelling. Conversely (反過來), boys who appear to be inattentive in class may just be sitting too far away too hear the teacher.
Likewise, girls are better in their expression of feelings. Studies reveal that negative emotions are seated in an area of the brain called the amygdala. Girls develop all early connection between this area and the cerebral cortex (大腦皮層), enabling them to talk about their feelings. In boys these links develop later. So if you ask a troubled adolescent boy to tell you what his feelings are, he often cannot say much.
Dr. Sax, an advocate of single-sex education, points out that keeping boys and girls separate in the classroom has yielded striking educational, social, and interpersonal benefits. Therefore, parents and teachers should try to recognize, understand, and make use of the biological differences that make a girl a girl, and a boy a boy.
67．What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Boys tend to pay less attention in class than girls.
B. Girls are better than boys in their ability to detect sounds.
C. Boys and girls behave differently because of biological differences.
D. Single-sex schools are not good because they keep boys and girls separate.
68．Why do girls express negative feelings better than boys?
A. Girls are more emotional than boys.
B. Girls have more brain cells than boys.
C. The amygdala is located in different areas of the brain for boys and girls.
D. The links between certain parts of the brain develop earlier in girls than in boys.
69．Which of the following does the author believe?
A. Girls need more training in communication.
B. Boys and girls should be educated in different ways.
C. Parents should pay more attention to boys.
D. Sex differences should be ignored in education。
70．What does the phase “cling to” in the first paragraph mean?
A. maintain               B. abandon                         C. evaluate          D. challenge

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