20.According to sociologists,there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States.In the fanfily traditional cultural patterns confer (~z~,) leadership on one or both of the parents.In other cases,such as friendship groups,one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,although there is no formal process of selection.In larger groups,leaders are usually chosen
formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability,decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of"natural
leaders."It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common;rather,virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore,although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to"get things done."
Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members.They give orders and may discipline group members who prohibit attainment (達到) of the group's goals.Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group.They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline,are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor,and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.As the difference in these two roles suggests,expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;
instrumental leaders,if they are successful in promoting group goals,may enjoy a more distant respect.

72.Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?B
A.Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
B.A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
C.A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D.Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
73.The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus onC.
A.ensuring harmonious relationships
B.sharing responsibility with group members
C.a(chǎn)chieving a goal
D.identifying new leaders
74.A"secondary relationship"between a leader and the members of a group could best be described asA.
A.distant                              B.enthusiastic
C.sympathetic                          D.personal
75.What does the passage mainly discuss?D
A.The problems faced by leaders.
B.How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C.How social groups determine who will lead them.
D.The role of leaders in social groups.

分析 本文是一篇科教類閱讀,主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能.

解答 BCAD
72.B  推斷題.根據(jù)文章第二段(It seems…virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group).可知某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者.這正好與第二段的意思相吻合,即領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個固定的特點,只是符合了一個特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,故選B.
73   C  細(xì)節(jié)題.第三、四段.(Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.) 主要講了兩種類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的區(qū)別.其中instrumental leader側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn),而expressive leader相對于前者并不側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn),而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持,并盡力減少內(nèi)部紛爭,故選C.
74   A   猜測詞義題.  根據(jù)文章第三 段Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. 可知領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與成員之間的二次元關(guān)系表示他們是有差距的,故選A.
75   D   主旨題.本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能.所以D為正確答案.A、B、C選項都不能正確概括本文主旨.

點評 考察學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力,做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句,和題干進行比較,再做出正確的選擇.在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實,要根據(jù)文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷.

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This seemed like a very (38)A process,but there's always some (39)D soul in the crowd who will volunteer.The instructor then(40)B that we find ways to (41)C  people,or take some action to right any wrong doings.I was seriously wondering how this could ever(42)A  my communication.
Then the man next to me raised his hand and volunteered this story:"Making my (43)B,I remembered an incident from high school.I grew up in a small town.There was a Sheriff  (44)C of us kids liked.One night,my two buddies(伙伴) and I decided to play a(45)C   on him.
After drinking a few beers,we climbed the tall water tank in the middle of the town,and wrote on the tank in bright red paint:Sheriff Brown is a s.o.b.(畜生).The next day,almost the whole town saw our glorious (46)B.Within two hours,Sheriff Brown had us in his office.My friends told the truth but I  (47)D.No one ever found out.
Nearly 20years later.Sheriff Brown's name(48)A   on my list.I didn't even know if he was still(49)D.Last weekend,I dialed the information in my hometown and found there was a Roger Brown still listed.I tried his number.After a few(50)B,1heard,"Hello?"I said,"Sheriff Brown?"Paused."Yes.""Well,this is Jimmy Calkins."
"And I want you to know that I did it?"Paused."I knew it!"he yelled back.We had a good laugh and a   (51)D discussion.His closing words were:"Jimmy,I always felt bad for you   (52)D  your buddies got it off their chest,but you were carrying it  (53)A  all these years.I want to thank you for calling me for your sake."
Jimmy inspired me to  (54)C  all the items on my list within two years,and I always remember what I learned from the course:It's never too late to  (55)C  the past wrongdoings.

36.A.everythingB.a(chǎn)nythingC.somebodyD.a(chǎn)nybody
37.A.a(chǎn)shamedB.a(chǎn)fraidC.sureD.proud
38.A.privateB.mysteriousC.interestingD.funny
39.A.foolishB.politeC.simpleD.brave
40.A.expectedB.suggestedC.orderedD.hoped
41.A.connect withB.depend onC.a(chǎn)pologize toD.get along with
42.A.improveB.continueC.realizeD.keep
43.A.notesB.listC.planD.stories
44.A.a(chǎn)nyB.mostC.noneD.a(chǎn)ll
45.A.partB.gameC.trickD.record
46.A.viewB.signC.a(chǎn)ttentionD.signal
47.A.layB.laidC.lainD.lied
48.A.a(chǎn)ppearedB.consideredC.presentedD.remembered
49.A.a(chǎn)ngryB.happyC.doubtfulD.a(chǎn)live
50.A.wordsB.ringsC.repeatsD.calls
51.A.coldB.plainC.nervousD.lively
52.A.in caseB.so long asC.unlessD.because
53.A.a(chǎn)roundB.outC.offD.a(chǎn)way
54.A.build upB.make upC.clear upD.give up
55.A.regretB.forgiveC.rightD.punish

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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:填空題

10.Waterexists (存在) in three forms,which are liquid,gas and solid.

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