Dogs can know the meaning of a human perspective, say researchers.
Dogs are more capable of understanding situations from a human's point of view than has previously been recognized, according to researchers.
They found dogs were four times more likely to steal food they had been forbidden, when lights were turned off so humans in the room could not see.
This suggested the dogs were able to alter their behavior when they knew their owners' perspective had changed.
The study, published in Animal Cognition, conducted tests on eighty-four dogs.
The experiments had been trying to find whether dogs could make their behavior suitable to react to the changed circumstances of their human owners. It wanted to see if dogs had a "flexible understanding" that could show they understood the viewpoint of a human.
It found that when the lights were turned off, dogs in a room with their human owners were much more likely to disobey and steal forbidden food.
The study says it is "unlikely that the dogs simply forgot that the human was in the room" when there was no light. Instead it seems as though the dogs were able to differentiate between when the human was unable or able to see them.
Juliane Kaminski carried out the research into how dogs are influenced by human circumstances.
Dr Juliane Kaminski, from the University of Portsmouth's psychology department, said the study was "incredible because it implies dogs understand the human can't see them, meaning they might understand the human perspective".
Previous studies have suggested that although humans might think that they can recognize different expressions on their dogs' faces, this is often inaccurate and a projection of human emotions.
“Humans constantly attribute(歸屬) certain qualities and emotions to other living things. We know that our own dog is clever or sensitive, but that's us thinking, not them,” said Dr Kaminski.
“These results suggest humans might be right, where dogs are concerned, but we still can't be completely sure if the results mean dogs have a truly flexible understanding of the mind and others' minds. It has always been assumed only humans had this ability.
小題1:According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A．The researchers made the test on dogs in eighty-four countries.
B．Dogs always obey and don’t steal forbidden food.
C．Dogs may adapt their behavior in response to the changed circumstances.
D．The research is carried out to find out how dogs are influenced by light.
小題2:Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
A．Dogs---Our Loyal Companions Understand Us Most.
B．Dogs Are Our Best Friends.
C．Dogs Can Understand Us In a Way, Researchers Say.
D．Dogs Have Certain Qualities and Emotions of Human Beings, Researchers Say.
小題3:Where can we probably read this kind of articles?
A．Textbooks.B．Advertisements.C．Instructions.D．Magazines.
小題4:This passage can be classified as     .
A．a(chǎn)n argumentative writingB．a(chǎn) feature story
C．a(chǎn) dog show reviewD．a(chǎn) research result

小題1:C
小題2:C
小題3:D
小題4:D

試題分析：這篇文章是一項調(diào)查結(jié)果：通過多年的研究，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)狗能夠理解人的看法，可以調(diào)整它們的行為來適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)題：從第二段的句子：Dogs are more capable of understanding situations from a human's point of view than has previously been recognized, according to researchers. 可知狗能夠調(diào)整它們的行為來適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境，選C
小題2:標(biāo)題題：從第一段的句子：Dogs can know the meaning of a human perspective, say researchers. 可知研究人員說，狗能夠理解人的看法，所以. Dogs Can Understand Us In a Way, Researchers Say是最好的標(biāo)題。選C
小題3:文章出處題：這是一項最新的調(diào)查研究，應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在時效性很強(qiáng)的雜志上，不是理論的課本，也不是廣告，更不是說明書，選D
小題4:文章多處提到resaech/researcher還有最后一句話：“These results suggest humans might be right,可知這是一項調(diào)查結(jié)果。選D
練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

How to be Prepared
Electricity, water, gas and telephone may not be working after an earthquake. The police and fire department are likely to be tied up. You should be prepared to take care of yourself for at least three days, preferably for a week.
This list can also be applied to other disasters, such as floods or wildfires.
1. food and water (a gallon a day per person)
2. a first aid kit
3. a fire extinguisher suitable for all types of fires
4. flashlights, a portable radio extra batteries
5. blankets, clothes, shoes and money (ATMs may not work)
6. baby and pet food
It’s also a good idea to decide beforehand how and where your family will reunite if separated during a quake and to conduct in-home practice drills.
During an Earthquake
If you are indoors, stay there. Get under and hold onto a desk or table, or stand against an interior wall. Stay away from exterior walls, glass, heavy furniture, and stay away from windows and outside walls and do not use the elevator.
If you are outside, get into the open, stay into the open, stay away from buildings, power lines or anything else that could fall on you.
If you are driving, move the car out of traffic and stop, avoid parking under or on bridges or overpasses, Try to get clear of trees, light posts, signs and power lines.
If you are in a crowded public place, avoid panicking and do not rush for the exit. Stay low and cover your head and neck with your hands and arms.
After an Earthquake
If the phone is working, only use it in case of emergency. Likewise, avoid driving if possible to keep the streets clear for emergency vehicles.
Be aware that items may fall out of cupboards or closets when the door is opened, and also that chimneys can be weakened and fall with touch. Check for cracks and damage to the roof and foundation of your home.
Listen to the radio for important information and instructions. Remember that aftershocks, sometimes large enough to cause damage in their own right, generally follow large quakes.
If you leave home, leave a message telling friends and family your location.
小題1:Which of the following items is unnecessary to prepare before an earthquake？
A．BatteriesB．CashC．MedicineD．Creditcard
小題2:When an earthquake comes，you should ______. 
A．hideyourselfinthekitchen
B．rushfortheexitimmediately
C．stayawayfromheavyobjects
D．callthepolicerightaway
小題3:When an earthquake is over，you should______. 
A．driveacartotakeyourfamilytothesafeplace
B．checkthesecurityofyourhome
C．callyourrelativestotellthemyouaresafe
D．clearupthemessassoonaspossible.
小題4:Which of the following sentences is true according to the passage？ 
A．You’dbettermakeitclearhowandwhereyourfamilywillreuniteifseparatedduringaquakeafterthequakehappens.
B．Ifyouareindoors,getintotheopen.
C．Ifyouareinacrowdedpublicplace,avoidpanickinganddorushfortheexit.
D．Ifthephonestillworks,onlyuseitwhennecessary.
小題5:What does the underlined word “aftershock ” mean? 
A．Alessseriousquakefollowingalargeearthquakeinthesamearea.
B．Afurtherreactionfollowingtheshockofadeeplydisturbingthing.
C．Amessonehastodealwithafteraterriblething.
D．Aninstructionthegovernmentgivestosolveproblems.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

With the popularity of 3D movies over the past several years , there was no doubt that the technology would make its way into our homes, The question is: Is it really a technology that is going to stay with us , thus deserving an upgrade(升級) at this time?
Many families have recently bought a new TV set, and the idea of changing it just to take advantage of a technology in its infancy(初期)will put many people off the idea. Then there are the additional costs that come along with a 3Dset from needing to get a Blu-ray player that can process the signal to purchasing enough glasses for the entire family to be able to watch a program at the same time.
Another issue is that the glasses are expensive as well as complicated, and have also been known to cause headaches, none of which makes for a pleasant experience.
While manufacturers are working towards glasses-free technology, it just isn’t here yet, and it could be several years before it is commercially successful. That is one of main things that will keep 3D completely in the “fashion” zone for the time being . If the television manufacturers are willing to hold onto the idea until glasses-free choices are available—and they can reach a higher installed(安裝)user base—this might very well catch on. Everyone needs to remember, however, that these are businesses, and they are in it to make money. If 3D isn’t selling at the rate they are comfortable with, then they will dump it and move on to the next thing.
Many homes are filled with products that didn’t catch on rapidly and companies ended up leaving them with no support. Do you have an HD DVD player? Remember how the MiniDisc was supposed to replace the CD? For now, it’s easy to see how 3D televisions could join this list of technologies.
There is one upside to the 3D television problem: They have beautiful 2D images. Even if 3D goes away, you still have a great –looking screen and beautiful images. If you are in the market for a new TV and you can afford to drop the couple extra hundred dollars to buy one, you can view it as guaranteeing your purchase in case the technology proves to be effective.
小題1:We know from the text that 3D TV   .
A．is easy to operate
B．has been fully developed
C．has many products attached to it
D．has already replaced normal TV sets
小題2:What’s the main idea of paragraph 4?
A．3D is fashionable and expensive.
B．It’s hard for 3D to be commercially successful.
C．Television manufacturers’ only purpose is to make money.
D．It’s impossible to create glasses-free technology at the moment.
小題3:The examples of the HD DVD player and CD are to show   .
A．they are not necessary
B．they are bound to be replaced
C．3D TV might not be here to stay
D．3D technology needs improving
小題4:The underlined word “upside” in the last paragraph probably means    .
A．solutionB．exceptionC．characterD．benefit
小題5:What’s the author’s opinion on 3D TV?
A.He is critical of it.
B. He thinks highly of it.
C.It is more effective than expected.
D. It has more beautiful images than 2D.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

If you're networking (建立人際關(guān)系) and nothing is happening, you might need to evaluate how you're doing it. Maybe you show up at each event and still feel challenged by the process. You aggressively talk to people, give out your cards, call endlessly to schedule an appointment but have no real success from your efforts. To help you gain a different future, here are ten habits you should avoid.
Ineffective networkers：
1. Lack patience. They expect immediate results and want business now, not tomorrow.
2. Constantly “selling” something. They see dollar signs every time they shake hands with someone.
3. Too many choices. If they offer a variety of products, they might try too hard to tell about all of them. Offering too much information sends a confusing message making it difficult for people to send referral (指點(diǎn)). Opportunities are all around us but when you're networking, only focus on one.
4. Change positions too often. If they move from company to company or do something totally different, it might be difficult for people to keep up with them.
5. Lack manners and respect. They interrupt others, talk with food in their mouth, aren't very polite and appear unprofessional. They call people during dinner or on the weekends without thinking whether the occasion is suitable.
6. Distribute too many cards and sales literature. They come while loading with brochures, flyers (傳單), catalogues and samples.
7. Focus on themselves. Too much self­ promotion can leave the other person to feel unappreciated. Every sentence begins with “I” and is all about their business.
8. “Talking” instead of “giving”. They don't realize what other people sense when they are being very selfish. Others may think that they are being taken advantage of.
9. Lack authenticity (可靠性) and personal values. They may create unrealistic expectations and not deliver on their promises. Sometimes doing things without integrity (誠實(shí)) possibly twists the truth.
10. Poor communication and interpersonal skills. They have trouble speaking effectively, building relationships and following up.
Networking is a process that is an investment of time and money. If you find you're doing any of these habits, consider learning how to improve on these and maximize your results while networking. You'll start to get better at connecting with people and obtain more referrals.
小題1:This passage is meant for people who ______.
A．want to do more businesses
B．often take instead of giving
C．have poor communication and interpersonal skills
D．want to improve their interpersonal relationship
小題2:According to the second habit, we shouldn't ______ when we are networking.
A．sell thingsB．talk about dollars
C．pay attention to money onlyD．shake hands with everyone
小題3:When talking with others, you should ______.
A．give out your cards and brochures every now and then
B．talk about the quality of your product as much as possible
C．interrupt others when they make a mistake
D．let other people express themselves completely
小題4:Which of the following is NOT correct about a salesman's behavior?
A．He offers too much self­promotion during the conversation.
B．He considers carefully when he can get what he expects.
C．He only focuses on one opportunity when networking.
D．He keeps his promises and doesn't expect too much from others.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The octopus’s（章魚）reputation as a human-killer isn’t simply an exaggeration（夸張）—it is a total myth. The octopus can indeed be a deadly hunter, but only of its natural victims. Some shellfish（殼類動物）and an occasional sick or incautious fish have reason to be frightened of this multi-armed hunter, but a person is much too large to interest even the biggest octopus. Even the largest among octopi is much smaller than most people imagine. Far from being large enough to swallow a ship, as monster octopi in movies have been known to do, the largest octopus, found on the Pacific coast, weighs around 110 pounds and grows to no more than ten feet in width.
The hard, parrot-like beak（喙）of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers, but for cutting open shellfish. Indeed, the octopus possesses such a tiny throat that it cannot swallow large pieces of meat. Instead, it feeds by pouring digestive juices into its victims, and then sucking up the soupy remains. A shellfish that finds itself in the grasp of an octopus has only a short time to live. But human beings are perfectly safe. Still, people rarely care to go close enough to these careful creatures to get a good look at them.
小題1:This passage is mainly about          .
A．the horrors of the octopus
B．the largest octopus in the world
C．octopi and their behavior
D．the octopus’s deadly hunting method
小題2:It is implied but not stated in the passage that          .
A．people have unreasonable fears about the octopus
B．the octopus is not interested in human beings
C．the octopus is afraid of human beings
D．the octopus is a very cruel sea animal
小題3:What does the underlined part “careful creatures” refer to in the last paragraph?
A．Octopi.B．Shellfish.C．Fish.D．The victims.
小題4:The hard beak of the octopus is used for          .
A．a(chǎn)ttacking deep-sea diversB．cutting up large pieces of meat
C．cutting open its victimsD．defending itself
小題5:From the passage, we can conclude that          .
A．the octopus is not dangerous to man
B．people often fear creatures that are not dangerous to them
C．the octopus only hunts its natural victims
D．things described in movies are not to be believed

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of natural disasters over the past few years, and it is assumed that global warming and climate change could cause even more disasters in the future. Some of the world’s leading cities are facing disasters like floods and heat waves.
London
London’s flood defences are getting older. Since 1982, the Thames Barrier(水閘)has protected the city from the threat of flooding, but it was only designed to last until 2030 and close once every two or three years. About 26 years later the barrier now closes five or six times a year and according to Environment Agency predictions, by 2050 the barrier will be closed on almost every tide if the problem is not addressed.
There are 26 underground stations, 400 schools, 16 hospitals, an airport and 80 billion worth of property in London’s flood risk area, so large scale flooding would be disastrous.
Paris
Over a six week period in July and August 2003, more than 1 1,400—mainly elderly people—died in France from dehydration(脫水)and extremely high body temperature in a deadly heat wave. Heat waves of similar intensity(強(qiáng)度)are expected every seven years by 2050, so what can be done to make sure such a disaster does not happen again?
One solution is to have air-conditioners installed in elderly care homes. But this is considered a short-term solution, as the increase in demand for electricity also increases carbon emissions(排放).
In Paris the local authorities are encouraging architects to design new types of buildings such as the building “Flower Tower,” which uses a covering of bamboo to act as a natural air-conditioner.
Shanghai
Shanghai is the fastest growing city on Earth. It has a population of 18 million and is only 4 meters above sea level. Sea levels are predicted to rise by 20 cm within the next century.
An estimated 250，000 people move to Shanghai every year in search of work, placing extra demands on energy consumption. China relies heavily on coal—fired power stations, but these emissions increase temperatures and, in turn, warmer seas increase the risk of typhoons.
小題1:What problem should be settled now in London?
A．How to protect the city’s property
B．Where to build its flood defences
C．How to use the Thames Barrier to protect the city
D．How to improve the function of the old flood defences
小題2:Which of the following measures can’t solve the heat wave disaster in Paris?
A．Putting up new types of buildings with a covering of bamboo
B．Having air-conditioners installed in elderly care homes
C．Forbidding the city to build“Flower Tower”
D．Encouraging architects to design new types of buildings
小題3:The major threats to Shanghai are          ．
A．increasing population and coal-fired power stations
B．rising sea levels and typhoons
C．extremely high temperature and rising sea levels
D．extra demands on energy consumption and typhoons
小題4:The purpose of the passage is      ．
A．to tell us how to protect the big cities
B．to give advice on how to defend natural disasters
C．to explain what causes flood and heat waves
D．to warn us of the increasing natural disasters in big cities
小題5:Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．Big Cities Facing Big Disasters
B．Big Disasters in the Future
C．The Increase of Natural Disasters
D．Solutions to Natural Disasters

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

While nature lovers across the world wish all humans to realize the significance of their natural surroundings ,many Australians are turning caring for the environment into a way of life.
Julie Astonis ,an Australian housewife in Brisbane is one such example, Even though autumn is approaching Australia’s Brisbane in April, one can still watch colorful blooming （盛開的）flowers in Julie’s little garden, as she tells that in her community, “Each of us has a beautiful yard, The whole community, from children to elderly people, takes care of the environment as if they are taking care of their own garden.”
“Gardening is the most popular club in our community,”she says, “A lot of retired people don’t just regularly organize gardening lectures, but also personally visit families in the community to provide gardening training , So you can see that flowers continue to bols-som in our gardens throughout the year.”
Talking about her people’s sense of care for the environment, Julie says when people in the community take along their dog, they always carry a garbage bag to deal with the dog’s waste, “In our community ,you will never experience the embarrassment of stepping on the dirty waste while you are walking on the grass,”says Julie with a smile,“Taking care of the dog’s waste can also help to develop children’s sense of responsibility!”
As to protecting water resources , the Australian government has made strict rules for families, Julie says, “We certainly would not use tap water to water the flowers!”She ways almost every family in her community has a huge tank used to store rainwater, which is later used as the resource of all outdoor water use, connect the water tank with their toilets.
小題1:From the first three paragraphs we learn that      .
A．gardening is popular in most part of Australia
B．April is a great time for people to enjoy flowers
C．it’s not easy to keep a garden without proper training
D．Julie’s community has a deep sense of caring for nature
小題2:Which of the following about Julie is true?
A．She takes pride in her community.
B．She once stepped on a dog’s waste.
C．She is quite in favor of raising a dog.
D．She finds it embarrassing to walk on the grass.
小題3:From what Julie says in the last paragraph, we know _________.
A．rainwater is not the best resource
B．her community owns a public tank
C．her community makes full use of resources
D．it is not necessary to water flowers very often
小題4:How many examples are given to show the caring for the environment in Australia?
A．TwoB．ThreeC．FourD．Five
小題5:What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Love nature, the Australian wayB．How Australians save resources
C．How Australians lead their life D．Protect nature, a must of life

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Children, especially at young ages, are very creative. And creativity can be a glorious(極好的) thing. Look at all the amazing artists and architects that have created glorious pieces of history. Look at all the authors with the award winning books. Now I am not saying everyone is going to end up this way but creativity is an important part of growing up and becoming who you are. This should be encouraged in young children as well as the older children.
Young children grow up playing with make-believe. And so many people try to make their young child see that their invisible friend isn’t real or that talking when someone is not in the room is weird. To adults it is, but for small children it is them being creative. May it be them playing house, or chef, or playing with stuffed animals, it is their creative part coming out. Some kids can have fun playing with rocks and sticks and it’s because of their creativeness that they can do this. The invisible friend part is another part of being imaginative, and is not a bad thing since they will grow out of that phase(階段). So encourage this and play along with them, play house, or stuffed animals or whatever they want to play. Help keep their imagination running. You can even make up games, like treasure hunts, or dinosaurs, super heroes; there is just so much you can choose from.
All this can help your children’s minds stay creative. The arts and music, even thoughts are an important part of life and important in our society. If we didn’t have and encourage creative thinking, we wouldn’t have had inventors, or philosophers, or as I said before, artists.
小題1:The underlined word “weird” is close in meaning to            .
A．familiarB．strangeC．commonD．natural
小題2:According to the author, if a child talks alone in a room, we should          .
A．let him be
B．stop him from doing so
C．give him some advice
D．know that he is suffering from loneliness
小題3:What is mainly talked about in the passage?
A．How creative artists and architects are born.
B．How to help children grow up in a healthy way.
C．What kind of activities children like.
D．How to help children to be creative.
小題4:The author of the passage would agree that          .
A．every child can become creative artists or inventors
B．creative people all show strange behaviors when young
C．creativity brings out great artists and architects
D．creativity is a natural ability to be born with

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Frogs are animals that can live both in water and on land. There are more than 5,000 kinds of frogs on the earth. The earliest known frogs lived about 190 million years ago and the frogs today still look the same. Here are some fun things that you might not know about frogs. Enjoy!
The Biggest and the Smallest Frogs
Some frogs can be very big. The biggest kind of frog is the Goliath Frog in West Africa. Its body can be nearly 30cm long, about the size of a large cat. The Gold Frog and the Poison Frog are the smallest frogs in the world. They are less than 1cm long. Though the Poison Frog is very small, it is not weak at all. It is dangerous. Any animal that eats it will die very soon.
The Best Jumpers
Frogs are very good at jumping. They developed jumping legs so that they would not be eaten by other large animals. Using their big strong legs, more frogs can jump over 20 times their own length. It is like a person jumping over about 30,48. The Australian Rocket Frog can even jump over 2m, which is 50 times its body length(5.5cm). That might be the reason why frogs are called the best jumpers on the earth.
The Cryogenic Animal
Some frogs like the Common Wood Frog have a special ability to live in very cold places. When the temperature goes down, they become ice frogs. 2/3of their body water freezes. Their hearts stop, and their breathing stops too. You may think they are dead, but in fact they are not. Maybe we humans can learn the way that the frogs do for medical purpose.
小題1:The earliest frogs lived about ________ million years ago.
A．20B．30C．50D．190
小題2:The Gold Frog is one of the ________ frogs on the earth.
A．smallestB．biggestC．strongest D．weakest
小題3:________ can jump over 2m.
A．The Goliath FrogB．The Common Wood Frog
C．The Poison FrogD．The Australian Rocket Frog
小題4:What will happen to a Common Wood Frog at very low temperature?
A.It will die very soon.   B. It will be an ice frog.
B.It will become dangerous.   D. It will become very small

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案