People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.

Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均勻的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.

"We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth."

According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.

The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.

It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions," Jack said. "Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less."

In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.

1.The discovery shows that Westerners .

A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth

B. consider facial expressions universally reliable

C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways

D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions

2. What were the people asked to do in the study?

A. To make a face at each other. B. To get their faces impressive.

C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers' faces.

3. What does the underlined word "they" in Paragraph 6 refer to?

A. The participants in the study.

B. The researchers of the study.

C. The errors made during the study.

D. The data collected from the study.

4. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to .

A. do translation more successfully

B. study the mouth more frequently

C. examine the eyes more attentively

D. read facial expressions more correctly

5.What can be the best title for the passage?

A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul

B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions

C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills

D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding

 

1.A

2.C

3.A

4.C

5.B

【解析】

本文為科普說明文。主要介紹了最新的科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：東方人比西方人更難于讀懂他人的面部表情。

1.A

考點(diǎn)：細(xì)節(jié)理解題

解析：根據(jù)第三段 “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth.” 可以得出答案

2.C

考點(diǎn)：細(xì)節(jié)理解題

解析：根據(jù)第五段 “…by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.”可以判斷選C

3.A

考點(diǎn)：詞義猜測

解析：根據(jù)定語從句 “that they show”所修飾的 eye movements 在研究中為the participants 所作（從the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people”可知）可判斷選A

4.C

考點(diǎn)：細(xì)節(jié)理解題

解析：根據(jù)第六段 “It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners.”可判斷選C

5.B

考點(diǎn)：主旨大意題

解析：文章首先指出科學(xué)研究的最新發(fā)現(xiàn)：東方人比西方人更難于讀懂人的面部表情。之后更具體地介紹研究的結(jié)構(gòu)及其研究過程，最后得出結(jié)論：文化差異豐富了理解情感的基本社會(huì)技巧，即：不同的文化背景使人理解他人情感的方式也不盡相同。由此判斷最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)為B

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2.jumble (up)           搞亂，使混亂

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                         義：這倒霉的詞兒與我有什么關(guān)系？            

7.while away the time          消磨/打發(fā)時(shí)間

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10.fathom                看穿/透，推測，探索

11.infallible          一貫正確

12.uninitiated         對(duì)某事無知的

13.Euclid               歐幾里德（古希臘數(shù)學(xué)家）

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3.versus = against                       對(duì)頂，反對(duì)

4.mutilate                        傷害

5.wilful                        任性的，固執(zhí)的

6.benign                        寬厚的，仁慈的

7.condone                        寬容

8.desecrate                  褻瀆，玷污

9.code                        法規(guī)，規(guī)定，慣例

10.stringent                  嚴(yán)格的，緊急的，迫切的

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(2013·高考安徽卷，B)Using too much water or throwingrubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving(鋪砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.

Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)．Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more rainfall，but in any case，good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.

Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference，too.In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live，but there’s a lot we can do to lower the number.

You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with，use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher (洗碗機(jī))only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.

1.Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater?

A．Using river water.

B．Throwing batteries away.

C．Paving parking lots.

D．Throwing rubbish into lakes.

2.What can be inferred from the text?

A．All water shortages are due to human behavior.

B．It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs.

C．There is much we can do to reduce family size.

D．The average family in America makes proper use of water.

3.The last paragraph is intended to________.

A．show us how to fix leaks at home

B．tell us how to run a dishwasher

C．prove what drinking glass is best for us

D．suggest what we do to save water at home

4.The text is mainly about________.

A．Why paving roads reduces our water

B．how much we depend on water to live

C．why droughts occur more in dry climates

D．how human activity affects our water supply

 

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