解:(1)石灰石樣品與100g稀鹽酸恰好完全反應(yīng)后,余下物質(zhì)質(zhì)量為108.1g,求生成CO
2氣體的質(zhì)量(或求石灰石樣品的純度)(答案合理即可得分)
CO
2的質(zhì)量=12.5g+100g-108.1g=4.4g
設(shè)樣品中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量是x
CaCO
3+2HCl=CaCl
2+H
2O+CO
2↑
100 44
x 4.4g
=
x=10g
石灰石樣品的純度是:
×100%=80%
答:生成CO
2氣體的質(zhì)量是4.4g,石灰石樣品的純度是80%
(2)(3)設(shè)參加反應(yīng)的鹽酸溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量是Y、生成氯化鈣的質(zhì)量是Z
CaCO
3+2HCl=CaCl
2+H
2O+CO
2↑
73 111 44
Y Z 4.4g
=
=
Y=7.3g Z=11.1g
所以稀鹽酸的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是:
%=7.3%
氯化鈣溶液的質(zhì)量是108.1g-(12.5g-10g)=105.6g
所以氯化鈣溶液的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是:
×100%=10.5%
答:稀鹽酸的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是7.3%,反應(yīng)后所得溶液的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是10.5%.
分析:(1)根據(jù)題意找出已知量和未知量,已知量是石灰石12.5g,稀鹽酸100g,反應(yīng)后余下物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量是108.1g,可以求生成CO
2氣體的質(zhì)量(或求石灰石樣品的純度);
(2)首先根據(jù)根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒定律求出二氧化碳的質(zhì)量,然后代入方程式求出求出稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量,再依據(jù)溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)計(jì)算公式求解;
(3)反應(yīng)后溶液是氯化鈣溶液,溶質(zhì)是氯化鈣,首先代入二氧化碳的質(zhì)量求出氯化鈣的質(zhì)量,氯化鈣溶液的質(zhì)量=余下物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量-石灰石中雜質(zhì)的質(zhì)量,再根據(jù)溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)計(jì)算公式求解.
點(diǎn)評(píng):本題較好地考查了學(xué)生應(yīng)用知識(shí)的能力,要先根據(jù)所給信息自擬一道有關(guān)化學(xué)方程式的計(jì)算題,然后進(jìn)行解答,并考查了溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的計(jì)算,有一定思維難度,解題關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)圖示找出已知量和未知量,然后求出二氧化碳的質(zhì)量,并進(jìn)行解答.