When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses． This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964． Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work． As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed （刺） by a man later identified as Winston Moseley． Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help． The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans． As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments．

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect． First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility． Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present． The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways． When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．

Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous． In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because          a woman surnamed Genovese．  

    A． it somehow caused the murder of    

    B． its discovery resulted from the murder of

    C． it was actually discovered by      

    D． it always makes people think of

Genovese was murdered         ．  

    A． while she was going out B． in her apartment

    C． halfway home        D． near her apartment

Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

    A． They believed in the bystander effect．            

    B． They thought someone else might help her．

    C． They didn't think they should help．   

    D． They didn't think she needed help．

Before deciding to offer help, observers may         , according to the psychologists． 

    A． wait for sort of a signal      

    B． hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

    C． want to be sure it's appropriate to react  

    D． wonder if the victim is worth helping

The article seems to suggest that, if there had been         observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．   

    A． no  B． fewer   C． more    D． braver

閱讀下列各小題，根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的漢語(yǔ)提示，用句末括號(hào)內(nèi)的英語(yǔ)單詞完成句子，并將答案寫在答題卡上的相應(yīng)題號(hào)后。

He was so angry with himself for ______________________（犯了個(gè)如此愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤）．（so）

In our class there are 50 students, ___________________________（三分之二的人來(lái)自） our hometown and live near the school． （come）

“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________________（向外看） the window．（look）

They have a good knowledge of English but little ______________________（他們懂得）German． （know）

________________________（她變得感興趣） in science when she was young may have been due to her father’s influence． （become）

The other day, they __________________（聚會(huì)）when they heard a loud noise from downstairs． （have）

They have decided that the sports meeting will not be put off ___________________（除非下雨） heavily． （rain）

It was at the church ___________________（我領(lǐng)你參觀的） last weekend that the accident took place． （show）

Luckily, we brought a road map with us without which _____________________（我們就迷路了）． （get）

My cousin lost his way when he arrived in Shanghai; _______________________（使情況更糟的是）, it began to rain cats and dogs． （matter）

People often fall ill because of me. 36  , they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own 37 .A tired person may get 38 , especially when he goes to crowded places with polluted air. A sudden change in 39 is another factor. In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home. They will catch a cold easily.

My latest victim is an energetic student. After school, he played football hard for two hours. Though 40  , he still went to the cinema .Then he got back home and took a cold shower immediately.

I seized this golden chance to 41 him .He reacted ,trying to 42 me , but I was already 43 deep in his throat. He kept sneezing（打噴嚏） and his nose was running. 44 he put on some warm clothes, it didn’t work, for there were too many of us. Besides, his sore throat kept 45 him, and he developed a cough to force me and my family out, but  46 .

The next day he couldn’t go to 47  . He had lost his appetite and was not as 48 as before. His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C, which would help his 49

For two days he was 50 by his mother. As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the 51  . I knew I had to 52 him before long. But I am not the one who gives up easily, and I made every effort to fight back. 53  , it was my turn to feel 54 now, for his defense system was starting an all-out attack against me. I became 55 and finally my time was over.

Do you know what I am?

36. A. Therefore    B. Besides           C. However      D. Then

37. A .business B . responsibility   C. excuse        D. fault

38. A. punished B. blamed   C. caught   D. killed

39. A. temperature   B. season  C. place    D. condition

40. A. excited  B. hurt C. late D. tired

41. A. injure   B. bother   C. attack   D. destroy

42. A. get on with   B. get rid of  C. put up with  D .take hold of

43. A. reproducing   B. waiting C. hiding   D. disappearing

44. A. Since    B. Once C. Whether  D. Although

45. A. reminding    B. upsetting    C. comforting   D. influencing

46. A. escaped  B. succeeded    C. regretted    D. failed

47. A. bed  B. work C. school   D. hospital

48. A. peaceful B. afraid   C. active   D. happy

49. A. recovery B. development  C. study    D. affected

50. A. protected    B. nursed   C. scolded  D. affected

51. A. loss B. operation    C. pressure D. movement

52. A. leave    B. catch    C. forget   D. beat

53. A. Uncertainly  B. Unsuccessfully   C. Unusually    D. Unfortunately

54. A. painful  B. disappointed C. nervous  D. ashamed

55. A. bigger   B. weaker   C. smaller  D. stronger

“You'll have to take care of the baby today,” a woman told her husband . “ I'm not feeling well.”

“Then you must stay in bed and rest, dear. “ her husband said. “I'll be pleased to look after our baby. “

“Thank you. I'll have a quiet day and I'll soon get better. “ his wife told him.

“Shall I do the shopping for you as well?” her husband asked.

She was very pleased and said, “That will help me very much. I'll give you a list of things to buy. “

She wrote out the list and gave it to him.

“You can get all these things at the supermarket,” she said.

“You can put the baby in the shopping cart, then you won't have to leave him outside.”

The man took the baby to the supermarket and put him in the shopping cart. Then he pushed the shopping cart along the rows of things to buy and looked for those that were on his list.

At first all was well, but then the baby began to cry.

Then he started to scream.

And scream!

And SCREAM!

“Keep calm ,George, ” the man said. “Don't get excited. Don't shout, George. Don't lose your temper, George.”

A woman in the supermarket heard him saying these things. She walked up to him.

“I think you are wonderful ,”she said. “You are so patient with your little George. ”

　　“Madam, ”" the man said, “I'm George. He's Edward.”

Why did the man take care of the baby?

　　A. it was his turn.             B. His wife was not well.

　　C. His wife was not at home.    D. He always looked after it.

Why did the man take the baby to the supermarket?

　　A. He had to go shopping.

　  B. He wanted to show the baby to his friend.

　　C. He wanted to give the baby a ride in a shopping cart.

　　D. The baby liked going to the supermarket.

What did the baby do in the supermarket?

　　A. pushed the shopping cart        B. lost its temper

　　C. made a lot of noise             D. helped his father

Finally we can infer from the story that_____ .

　　A. the man was very calm when the baby was crying

　　B. the woman was very pleased to see the man

　　C. the woman mistook George for the baby, while in fact the man was named George

　　D. the man was very busy in shopping, but he couldn't find all the goods on the list

He was puzzled by this phenomenon. He began to try every approach _________ the best way of working it out.

A. known to find  B. knowing to find  C. known finding  D.knowing finding