When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are but some of the factors that lead to these varying perceptions (感知，認(rèn)知)：

　　(1)Each person’s perceptions of others are formed by his or her own cultural conditioning education, and personal experiences.

　　(2) Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we’ve observed. It is not necessarily true that person perception is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person; or you may focus (聚焦) primarily on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same yardstick (標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) to measure their parents, their friends, and strangers.

　　(3) Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don’t see what may be obvious to others because of out own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective perception. Selective perception is obviously more difficult when contradictory (矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore (忽視) the stimulus- “He’s basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting. ”

　　We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information- “All kids (孩子) get into mischief (頑皮) . Taking a book from the bookstore isn’t such a big deal. ” We can change the meaning of the contradictory information-”It wasn’t shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later.”…

1.The first factor given by the author that affects our perception is _____.

2.While observing a particular person, ______.

3.Observation of the same person by two people at the same time may differ because ______.

4.The word “stimulus ” in paragraph 4 refers to ______.

Do you know what it means when somebody tells you that he had “a catch-22 experience”?

The phrase “catch-22” comes from a book of the same title by the American writer Joseph Heller published in 1961. Catch-22 is a book of black humor. The author uses silly and even surreal(超現(xiàn)實(shí)的)events. It has a non-linear narrative structure(非線性的敘述結(jié)構(gòu))in which events follow the theme rather than the timing, to give us a very strange picture full of contradictions(矛盾).

The story takes places in a bomber base in Italy during World War II. The main character, Captain Yossarian wants to leave the war. Unfortunately, every time he completes the number of tasks to be sent home, the number is raised and he is forced to continue fighting. It seems hopeless for him to go home under the very strange rule in this Air Force-catch-22: only when a soldier goes crazy can he be allowed to go home. But he has to go to the hospital to show the doctors that he is crazy. However, if he tells them he is crazy but is obvious healthy, he cannot go home. In short, catch-22 is“heads I win, tails I lose. If you can you can’t; and if you can’t, you can.”Whenever you try to behave correctly in a crazy world. There’s a catch(潛在的困難).

During the Vietnam War, the phrase“catch-22”became a popular term for being caught in a lose-win circular dilemma and is now commonly used. The Oxford English Dictionary explains catch-22 as“a set of circumstances in which one requirement, etc, is dependent upon another, which is in turn dependent upon the first.”

60. Which of the following statements is right?

       A. Catch-22 is one of Heller’s experiences during World War II.

       B. Catch-22 is one of Yossarian’s experiences during the Vietnam War.

       C. The events in catch-22 follow the theme.

       D. The events in catch-22 follow the timing.

61. Why did Captain Yossarian fail to leave the war?

       A. He wasn’t so anxious to leave the war.

       B. He didn’t finish his tasks.

       C. He was put into a catch-22 situation.

       D. He wasn’t mad enough to be sent home.

62. The phrase“catch-22”came into being_____________.

       A. in World War II        B. in the Vietnam War   C. in the 1950s              D. in the 1960s

By the time a student starts to apply (申請(qǐng)) for a US university, much of his or her record, including grades and after-school activities, has been set in stone. For this reason, the student must in his or her first year of high school start getting ready for college. He or she also has to decide on the non-academic (非學(xué)業(yè)的) tasks, which are important to improve the student’s chances of getting in.
1. After-school activities
When it comes to high school activities, quality is better than quantity (數(shù)量). Admissions (錄取) officers do not want to see a student who has joined dozens of organizations (組織) for a short period of time.
Many students try to do this towards the end of their high school. But schools want to see a student who has been with one organization for all or most of high school. A student who can do this shows maturity (成熟). It is the quality that admissions officers look for as it is one of the markers of future success.
2. Leadership
Schools want to see a student who has taken on a leadership role in an organization. A student can show leadership by taking on any role that needs extra commitment (奉獻(xiàn)) and responsibility.
If you do not have a great title (頭銜) such as president, be sure to explain any leadership roles you have taken. This kind of involvement (參與) in school activities shows you are the responsible person that admissions officers look for.
3. Consistency (一致性)
Admissions officers like an application (申請(qǐng)) to be consistent. For example if there is a high school activity you particularly (特別地) love, it would help if that activity matches your future academic and career interest.
Of course not everything needs to be consistent. Otherwise (否則) the student would be narrow and this is not what schools are looking for. However, you cannot have different parts of your application saying conflicting (矛盾的) things.
【小題1】Who was the article written for?

Just as the world’s most respected scientific bodies have confirmed that the world is getting hotter, they have also stated that there is strong evidence that humans are driving the warming． Countless recent reports from the world’s leading scientific bodies have said the same thing． For example, a 2010 summary of climate science by the Royal Society stated that: “There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity．”

The idea that humans could change the planet’s climate may be counter-intuitive（與直覺不符的）, but the basic science is well understood． Each year, human activity causes billions of tons of greenhouse gases to be released（釋放）into the atmosphere． As scientists have known for years, these gases hold heat that would otherwise escape to space, wrapping the planet in an invisible blanket．

Of course, the planet’s climate has always been changing thanks to “natural” factors（因素） such as changes in solar or volcanic（火山的）activity, or cycles relating the Earth’s going around the sun． According to the scientific literature, however, the warming recorded to date matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build-up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere – not the warming we would expect from other possible causes．

Even if scientists did discover another reasonable explanation for the warming observed so far, that would beg a difficult question． As Robert Henson puts it in The Rough Guide to Climate Change: “If some newly discovered factor can account for the climate change, then why aren’t carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）and the other greenhouse gases producing the warming that basic physics tells us they should be?”

The only way to prove with 100% certainty that humans are responsible for global warming would be to run an experiment with two identical Earths – one with human influence and one without． That obviously isn’t possible, and so most scientists are careful not to state human influence as an absolute certainty．

1.In most scientists’ opinion, the global warming is mainly caused by      ．

    A． solar activity                                   B． volcanic activity

    C． the Earth’s going around the sun                  D． human activity

2.The text is developed by      ．

    A． giving typical examples                           B． following the order of space

    C． analysing a theory and arguing it  D． comparing and finding differences

3.The underline word “identical” means      ．

    A． totally different      B． exactly the same 

    C． extremely important    D． relatively independent

Many people take it for granted that black is a color of bad things while white should always mean something good. This may be because, in their opinion, black is related to darkness and white to purity. However, that is not always the case. Did you know that the same one color may mean differently in different places of the world?

? In the English-speaking world, black is the color of mourning. People wear black clothes at the funeral. Red is concerned with danger or bloodshed (流血). Yellow is the word for fear. If you are afraid, you are yellow. Yet none of these sayings is true outside the English-speaking world. In China and Korea white is the color of mourning. In Russia, China and some other countries, red stands for beauty, life and excellence. In Italy and Germany, you are yellow with anger, not with fear.

? Even within the English-speaking area it is not difficult to find color contradictions (矛盾). A redcap in the United States is a porter in a railway station. In Britain, however, a redcap is a military policeman. Both names are logical because both men wear red caps. Similarly, the British term for an American white collar worker is sometimes called a black-coated worker.

? One does not have to cross an area to find color differences. Would you rather be red-blooded? If we go back to the origin, we find that both terms are logical as both names suggest. The expression "blueblood" comes from Spain, where some noble families proudly said that they had "blue blood". But then why "blue" blood? Because they were fairskinned, and it is only natural that their blood vessels (血管) stood out appearing blue.

1.Yellow is concerned with anger in _______.?????????????

A. Russia???? ????? B. Britain??? ? C. Germany????????????? ????????????? ????? D. China

2.The two meanings of the term "redcap" form a difference in _______.?????

A. pronunciation????????????? B. climate??? C. logical relationship????????????? ? ?? D. custom

3.Both Britain and America would probably agree that _______.?????????

A. black is the color of mourning

B. a black-coated worker is employed in an office

C. red stands for beauty and excellence

D. a redcap is a porter in a station

4.The best title for this passage is _______.????????

A. The Origin of Blue Blood

B. The Development of the Symbolic Use of Colors

C. Colors that Carry Bad Meanings

D. The Meaning Concerned With Certain Colors

5.When some Spanish called themselves "blueblood", they actually meant _______.??

A. they had heart trouble and their faces looked blue

B. they came from a noble family

C. they had blue blood in their vessels

D. they were fairskinned