2009中考英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法匯總及練習(xí)

一.概念

  英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法,轉(zhuǎn)化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和詞首字母縮略法.

二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講

1.轉(zhuǎn)化法

  英語(yǔ)中,有的名詞可作動(dòng)詞,有的形容詞可作副詞或動(dòng)詞,這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。

  1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

  很多動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,大多意思沒(méi)有多大的變化(如下①);有時(shí)意思有一定變化(如下②);有的與一個(gè)動(dòng)詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作(如下③)。例如:

 、貺et's go out for a walk.我們到外面去散散步吧。

 、贖e is a man of strong build.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。

 、跮et's have a swim.咱們游泳吧。

  2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞

  很多表示物件(如下①)、身體部位(如下②)、某類人(如下③)的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示動(dòng)作,某些抽象名詞(如下④)也可作動(dòng)詞。例如:

 、貲id you book a seat on the plane?你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?

 、赑lease hand me the book.請(qǐng)把那本書(shū)遞給我。

 、跾he nursed her husband back to health.她看護(hù)丈夫,使他恢復(fù)了健康。

  ④We lunched together.我們?cè)谝黄鸪粤宋绮汀?

  3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞

  有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如:

  We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。

  4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞

  有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如:

  Murder will out.(諺語(yǔ))惡事終必將敗露。

  5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

  表示顏色的形容詞常可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如下①);某些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用,表示一類人,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)(如下②)。例如:

  You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服。

  The old in our village are living a happy life.我們村的老年人過(guò)著幸福的生活。

2.派生法

  在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。

  1)前綴

  除少數(shù)前綴外,前綴一般改變單詞的意義,不改變?cè)~性;后綴一般改變?cè)~類,而不引起詞義的變化。

  (1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如:

  appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失

  correct正確的→incorrect不正確的

  lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)

  stop停下→non-stop不停

  (2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)形容詞), anti- (反對(duì);抵抗), auto- (自動(dòng)), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如:

  alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的

  autochart自動(dòng)圖表

  cooperate合作enjoy使高興

  internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用

  subway地鐵telephone電話

  2)后綴

  英語(yǔ)單詞不僅可以通過(guò)加前綴構(gòu)成新詞,也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會(huì)改變單詞的詞性,構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性;少數(shù)后綴還會(huì)改變?cè)~義,變?yōu)榕c原來(lái)詞義相反的新詞。

  (1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (專業(yè)人員),-ment (性質(zhì);狀態(tài)),-ness (性質(zhì);狀態(tài)),-tion(動(dòng)作;過(guò)程)等。例如:

  differ不同于→difference區(qū)別

  write寫(xiě)→writer作家

  Japan日本→Japanese日本人

  act表演→actress女演員

  mouth口→mouthful一口

  music音樂(lè)→musician音樂(lè)家

  (2)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成為)。例如:

  wide→widen加寬

  beauty→beautify美化

  pure→purify提純

  real→realize意識(shí)到

  organ→organize組織

  (3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al,

  -able (有能力的),-(a)n(某國(guó)人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某國(guó)人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天氣)等。例如:

  nature自然→natural自然的

  reason道理→reasonable有道理的

  America美國(guó)→American美國(guó)的

  China中國(guó)→Chinese中國(guó)人的

  gold金子→golden金的

  east東→eastern東方的

  child孩子→childish孩子氣的

  snow雪→snowy雪的

  (4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如:

  angry生氣的→angrily生氣地

  to到→towards朝……,向……

  east東方→eastward向東

  (5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾),-ty (幾十),-th (構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如:

  six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六

  four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十

3.合成法

  1)合成名詞

  構(gòu)成方式例詞

  名詞+名詞weekend周末

  名詞+動(dòng)詞daybreak黎明

  名詞+動(dòng)名詞handwriting書(shū)法

  名詞+及物動(dòng)詞+er/or pain-killer止痛藥

  名詞+介詞+名詞editor-in-chief總編輯

  代詞+名詞she-wolf母狼

  動(dòng)詞+名詞typewriter打字機(jī)

  動(dòng)名詞+名詞reading-room閱覽室

  現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞flying-fish飛魚(yú)

  形容詞+名詞gentleman紳士

  副詞+動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)

  介詞+名詞afternoon下午

  2)合成形容詞

  名詞+形容詞snow-white雪白的

  名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語(yǔ)的

  名詞+to+名詞face-to-face面對(duì)面的

  名詞+過(guò)去分詞man-made人造的

  數(shù)詞+名詞one-way單行的

  數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞two-year-old兩歲的

  數(shù)詞+名詞+ed five-storeyed五層的

  動(dòng)詞+副詞see-through透明的

  形容詞+名詞high-class高級(jí)的

  形容詞+名詞+ed noble-minded高尚的

  形容詞+形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的

  形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的

  副詞+形容詞ever-green常青的

  副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的

  副詞+過(guò)去分詞well-known著名的

  副詞+名詞fast-food專門(mén)提供快餐服務(wù)的

  介詞+名詞downhill下坡的

  3)合成動(dòng)詞

  名詞+動(dòng)詞sleep-walk夢(mèng)游

  形容詞+動(dòng)詞white-wash粉刷

  副詞+動(dòng)詞overthrow推翻

  4)合成副詞

  形容詞+名詞hotfoot匆忙地

  形容詞+副詞everywhere到處

  副詞+副詞however盡管如此

  介詞+名詞beforehand事先

  介詞+副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)

  5)合成代詞

  代詞賓格+self herself她自己

  物主代詞+self myself我自己

  形容詞+名詞anything任何東西

  6)合成介詞

  副詞+名詞inside在……里面

  介詞+副詞within在……之內(nèi)

  副詞+介詞into進(jìn)入

4.截短法(縮略法)

  截短法,即將單詞縮寫(xiě),詞義和詞性保持不變,主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。

  1)截頭

  telephone→phone

  aeroplane→plane

  omnibus→bus

  2)去尾

  mathematics→maths

  co-operate→co-op

  examination→exam

  kilogram→kilo

  laboratory→lab

  taxicab→taxi

  3)截頭去尾

  influenza→flu

  refrigerator→fridge

  prescription→script

5.混合法(混成法)

  混合法,即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體;前半部分表示屬性。

  news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播

  television broadcast→telecast電視播送

  smoke and fog→smog煙霧

  helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場(chǎng)

6.首尾字母縮略法

  首尾字母縮略法,即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式,即各字母分別讀音;作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。

  very important person→VIP (讀字母音)要人;大人物

  television→TV (讀字母音)電視

  Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福

  Nato

三.鞏固練習(xí)

  1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.

  A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness

  2.The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.

  A.die B.dead C.died D.death

  3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.

  A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad

  4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.

  A.chemistry B.chemical

  C.chemist D.physician

  5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.

  A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged

  6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.

  A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership

  7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates.

  A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely

  8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.

  A.satisfied B.satisfactory

  C.satisfying D.satisfaction

  9.―What are you doing here?

  ―Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.

  ―You can write________passage in English?

  A.600 words;a 600-words 

  B.600-word;a 600-words

  C.600 words;a 600-word 

  D.600 words;a 600-words

  10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.

  A.permit B.permission

  C.permitting D.permittence

  11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.

  A.headquarters B.headline

  C.headmaster D.headache

  12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.

  A.intend B.intention

  C.intentionally D.intentional

  13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.

  A.practice B.practise

  C.practical D.practiced

  14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

  A.judger B.judgment

  C.judge D.judgement

  15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?

  A.lately B.latest

  C.later D.latter

  16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.

  A.longer B.length

  C.long D.longing

  17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.

  A.joy B.joyful

  C.joyless D.joyness

  18.Canada is mainly an________country.

  A.English-speaking B.speak-English

  C.spoken-English D.English-spoken

  19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.

  A.foolish;foolishly;fool

  B.fool;foolish;fool

  C.foolish;fool;fool

  D.foolishly;foolish;fool

  20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.

  A.valuable B.value

  C.valueless D.unvaluable

  21.There were________fish in the river in South America.

  A.in danger B.danger

  C.dangerous D.dangerless

  22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.

  A.sound B.silent

  C.silence D.sounded

  23.The child looked at me________.

  A.stranger B.strangely

  C.strange D.strangeless

  24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.

  A.free B.freely

  C.freedom D.frees

  25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.

  A.reasonable B.reasonful

  C.reasonless D.unreason

  26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.

  A.advance B.advancing

  C.advantage D.advanced

  27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.

  A.nearby B.near

  C.nearly D.near by

  28.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.

  A.official;officer;office

  B.officer;office;official

  C.official;official;official

  D.officer;official;office

  29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.

  A.health B.healthy

  C.healthily D.healthier

30.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose.

 A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest

 


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