中考英語閱讀理解命題特點(diǎn)與答題指導(dǎo)

劉決生

教育部考試中心在對(duì)近年的中考英語閱讀理解試題進(jìn)行分析總結(jié)時(shí)指出，閱讀英語文章是我國(guó)考生接觸英語最主要的途徑，因此，閱讀理解題應(yīng)該在試卷中占較大比重。綜觀近年各地中考英語閱讀理解試題，它們有以下特點(diǎn)：試題難度適中，個(gè)別地區(qū)略有起伏；文章選材符合《考試大綱》的基本要求，保證了題材、體裁類型多樣；對(duì)閱讀理解的幾種技能考查比較全面；個(gè)別地區(qū)篇章長(zhǎng)度和閱讀量略有增加；文章內(nèi)容積極健康，兼具知識(shí)性、思想性和教育性；題型日益多樣化，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇題、是非判斷題、主觀問答題、填寫表格題搭配合理。

從整體上看，各地的中考英語閱讀理解試題基本都做到了以下三個(gè)方面：第一，閱讀材料信息含量大，體現(xiàn)在3至5篇文章的題材與體裁多樣化方面；第二，文章有易有難，搭配適度，命題者注意到合理把握文章及句子的難度；第三，恰當(dāng)控制生詞的數(shù)量，較好地處理合成詞與派生詞。每份試題的文章都能合理安排好細(xì)節(jié)判斷題、詞意或句意猜測(cè)題、文意理解判斷題及推理判斷題的題量與出現(xiàn)的順序，命題者將知識(shí)性、趣味性和實(shí)用性融合在一起，對(duì)考生的閱讀理解能力進(jìn)行全方位的比較科學(xué)的檢測(cè)。把握好選文的難度、選文的思想性、選文的時(shí)代性以及文章實(shí)用性是一門很深的學(xué)問，命題者對(duì)中考后的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行縝密分析，透徹了解初中教學(xué)實(shí)際，本著兩個(gè)“有利于”（有利于高一級(jí)學(xué)校選拔人才、有利于促進(jìn)初中教學(xué)）的基本原則，在英語測(cè)試學(xué)的角度上命制試卷，試題具有非�？茖W(xué)的信度、效度與區(qū)分度。

教育部考試中心對(duì)閱讀文章選材有如下要求：

1．閱讀材料的主題要明確，話題要新，要有時(shí)代感。

2．語言應(yīng)地道，條理清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在時(shí)間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上要有較大的復(fù)雜性。

3．材料長(zhǎng)短適宜。每篇文章要有足夠的信息量，以供設(shè)題之用。其中文章詞量約占2/3，試題詞量約占1/3。

4．語言難易要適度。材料中的生詞量應(yīng)控制在1%以內(nèi)（由構(gòu)詞法形成的詞不計(jì)為生詞），避免短文中出現(xiàn)太多的漢語釋義。每篇注釋的詞控制在3個(gè)以內(nèi)。

5．材料應(yīng)具有真實(shí)性，原汁原味，選材新穎，避免選用廣為流傳和人所共知的材料，可涉及科普、社會(huì)、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和生活等。

6．體裁應(yīng)多樣化，應(yīng)有記敘文、說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文等。每套試題最好有一篇考查特定信息能力的廣告、公告類材料，也可選用科普、新聞等體裁。

閱讀能力重點(diǎn)考查點(diǎn)為以下八種閱讀微技能：第一，領(lǐng)悟文章的大意；第二，了解文章話題的能力；第三，文章主旨?xì)w納概括的能力；第四，理解文章的細(xì)節(jié)和細(xì)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換的能力；第五，了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)與寫作手法；第六，文章的寓意內(nèi)涵理解力；第七，詞義的正確理解能力；第八，文章的推斷能力。（以上摘自教育部考試中心的試題分析報(bào)告）

以下是中考英語閱讀理解測(cè)試能力層次的分類。

1．信息搜尋準(zhǔn)確到位的能力

這類試題常見的測(cè)試方式有根據(jù)文章判斷選項(xiàng)的正誤、篩選錯(cuò)誤的信息、挑選符合題意的選項(xiàng)等。

2．對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)語義轉(zhuǎn)換理解的能力

這類試題往往提供數(shù)字、圖表和文字描寫等特定的情景，常常要求考生換個(gè)角度思考，“橫看成嶺側(cè)成峰”，只不過是敘述的角度與表述的語言不同。這類試題在閱讀理解試題中占的比例比較大。

3．對(duì)詞義轉(zhuǎn)換的理解能力

這類試題常見的命題方式是根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)劃線詞的語義或者選擇一個(gè)近義詞等。

4．對(duì)文章主旨、作者意圖的分析能力

這屬于較高層次的考查思維能力的試題，包括考查形象思維、邏輯思維以及從局部到整體的概括思維能力等。雖然一篇文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容可能很多，但是核心意思都可以用一句或幾句話概括，甚至三言兩語即可�！皻w納”和“概括”考查的重點(diǎn)是在理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)一步分析和整理的能力，它可能要求歸納某一段落的中心思想，也可能要求對(duì)文章整篇內(nèi)容做歸納，如給文章選擇合適的標(biāo)題等。

5．推理判斷能力

考查推理判斷能力是對(duì)考生潛在能力的測(cè)試，讀文章不完全是被動(dòng)的“讀”，而要主動(dòng)的“思”，探究文章之外的知識(shí)。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷時(shí)要有理有據(jù)，有時(shí)文章沒有現(xiàn)成的結(jié)論，要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理的想象推斷。有時(shí)試題的題目在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)對(duì)文章中的說法變換了敘述角度或表達(dá)方式，是否符合題意不能直接看出，需要在正確把握文章的前提下分析判斷，從而推理出符合文章意思的正確選項(xiàng)。

綜觀2008年各地課改實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)的中考英語試題，閱讀理解的選材非常豐富多彩，既有對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)情況的介紹，又有對(duì)社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問題的關(guān)注。如2008年湖北黃岡卷的閱讀理解既涉及到對(duì)四川汶川大地震后的心理干預(yù)，又比較介紹了體育明星劉翔與姚明的個(gè)人傳記；2008年江蘇省南通卷的閱讀理解則引進(jìn)了對(duì)在2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間有關(guān)寄宿家庭情況的介紹。這些散發(fā)著時(shí)代與生活氣息的閱讀選材被引入中考試題后，哪怕是英語基礎(chǔ)再差的考生也會(huì)對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生興趣�？梢赃@么說，現(xiàn)在的中考英語閱讀理解的選材真正做到了走近生活、貼近時(shí)代，符合英語學(xué)科學(xué)以致用的特點(diǎn)。

（編者說明：2008年上海中考卷把A篇的補(bǔ)全對(duì)話、D篇與E篇的完形填空納入閱讀理解部分，這里不再分析。）

B. True or False (判斷下列句子是否符合短文內(nèi)容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示)：(6分)

Michelle was flying from Houston to London, and during the flight, she began talking to John, the man in the seat next to her. She found out that he was president of a famous jeans company based in Texas; in fact, she was wearing a pair of blue jeans from his company! But that wasn’t the most surprising thing. He had lived in San Francisco when he was in high school, and it turned out that he knew Michelle’s best friend, who also grew up in San Francisco! They continued talking. And by the end of the flight, they felt that they had known each other for much longer than eight hours.

But back in Houston, Michelle almost forget about the attractive man she had met on the plane. One evening, she was walking her dog when a much larger dog came running toward them., growling. The owner was running after it, shouting. He managed to catch the dog just as it was going to attack Michelle’s dog. Michelle was very angry. “Why don’t you keep your dog on a leash (拴狗帶)?” She shouted. Then suddenly, she looked at him and stopped shouting. “John?” “Michelle?” they said at the same time. Michelle said, “Do you live around here? I live on the next street.” “I don’t believe it,” John said. “In a city of two million people, you live three blocks from me?” And in the end, as had to happen, Michelle and John began to going out together―all because of seats on an airplane and their dogs.

78. Michelle and John were on the same flight from Houston to London one day.

79. Michelle was wearing a pair of blue jeans made by John’s company.

80. During their talk, they found they used to be schoolmates in San Francisco.

81. Michelle’s dog attacked John’s when the two owners happened to see each other.

82. From the story we know that Michelle and John met again in San Francisco.

83. In the end, Michelle and John decided they would never see each other again.

答案與分析：

78. T 根據(jù)第一句Michelle was flying from Houston to London, and during the flight, she began talking to John, the man in the seat next to her.可以判斷出兩人同乘一個(gè)航班。

79. T 根據(jù)she was wearing a pair of blue jeans from his company!判斷。

80. F 根據(jù)He had lived in San Francisco when he was in high school, and it turned out that he knew Michelle’s best friend, who also grew up in San Francisco!可以看出他們過去不是同學(xué)。

81. F 根據(jù)One evening, she was walking her dog when a much larger dog came running toward them., growling. The owner was running after it, shouting.可以看出，Michelle的狗被John的狗攻擊時(shí)，John在后面追趕阻止，兩位狗主人還沒有見面。

82. F 根據(jù)第二段首句But back in Houston，他們是在Houston而不是在San Francisco再次見面的。

83. F 根據(jù)文章結(jié)尾Michelle and John began to going out together判斷。

C. Choose the best answer (根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢?：(6分)

Story1

  In America in 1940, the twin boys went to live with two different families almost as soon as they were born. The two brothers never saw each other again until 1979, when they met by chance at a party. When they started talking to each other, they discovered some amazing similarities(相似處). First, they found out that they both enjoyed making things out of wood. Later on, they discovered that they had both married women called Linda, and that they both had one son whose first and middle names were James and Alan. Besides, both brothers had called their dogs by the same name―Toy. As if that wasn’t enough, they also found out that they both took their family holiday at the same place every year.

Story2

 In 1996, a Filipino woman called Mrs. Jimena told other people that her three children had three small holes on the sides of their necks below each other, and that these were like the gills(魚鰓) on fish. Mrs. Jimena said that she didn’t know how to swim and that her children were just starting to learn. Her family lives in a mountain village far from the sea. According to Mrs. Jimena, the holes in her children’s necks become larger when they are underwater, allowing them to stay underwater for up to six minutes.

Story3

On 11^th October, 1994, a 10-year-old English girl called Vicky Willmore told her mother that she had a headache. Soon afterwards, Vicky began writing in mirror image(鏡像). She wrote letters and numbers either upside-down or back-to-front. Although she could read what she wrote, no one else could. She was examined by different doctors., but none of them could find out what was wrong with her. Vicky became very upset, and soon stopped reading and writing altogether.  Instead she started watching TV all the time. On 27^th , September 1995, Vicky was watching her favourite football team, Manchester United, play on television. When the team scored a goal, she became so excited that she jumped out of her seat and fell backwards, hitting her head on a coffee table. The next day, Vicky could read and write properly again.

84. The twin brothers didn’t meet each other until_______.

A) 1940     B) 1979    C) 1994   D)1996

85. The twin brothers _____________________.

A) grew up in two different families.    B) didn’t have any similarities at all.

C) had two sons named James and Alan. D)didn’t like making things out of wood.

86. Mrs. Jimena’s children could stay underwater for up to 6 minutes because_____.

A) their mother was the best swimmer.   B) their village was close to the sea.

C) they had holes like gills below ears.   D) they had gills like fish in their necks.

87.The 10-year-old English girl changed her proper writing habit______.

A) soon after she had a headache for nearly three years.

B)while she was watching a football match.

C) when she hit her head on a coffee table.

D) as soon as she stopped reading and writing.

88. From the third story we know that______.

A) Vicky wrote backwards for nearly three years.

B) doctors didn’t know what was wrong with Vicky.

C)hitting one’s head can make him write backwards.

D) watching football on television can cause trouble.

89. This passage consists of three_____ stories.

A) traditional   B) historical    C) frightening     D)amazing

答案與分析：

84.B 根據(jù)第一則故事中The two brothers never saw each other again until 1979判斷。

85.A 根據(jù)第一則故事的首句中the twin boys went to live with two different families almost as soon as they were born判斷。B、D項(xiàng)應(yīng)該改為肯定句；C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在two，他們都只有一個(gè)兒子。

86.C根據(jù)第二則故事中three children had three small holes on the sides of their necks below each other, and that these were like the gill on fish. D項(xiàng)是最大干擾項(xiàng)。

87.A根據(jù)第三則故事的首句On 11^th October, 1994, a 10-year-old English girl called Vicky Willmore told her mother that she had a headache. Soon afterwards, Vicky began writing in mirror image. She wrote letters and numbers either upside-down or back-to-front.判斷出Vick在頭疼后出現(xiàn)寫字異常的。Vicky后來在看電視時(shí)頭碰到了咖啡桌上，寫字習(xí)慣又恢復(fù)了正常。

88.B 根據(jù)第三則故事中的She was examined by different doctors., but none of them could find out what was wrong with her.可以看出醫(yī)生們都查不出病因。

89.D綜合三篇故事，都是趣聞，所以選擇D項(xiàng)“令人驚奇的”。A項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的”、B項(xiàng)“歷史的”與C項(xiàng)“令人恐懼的”都應(yīng)該被排除。

F. Answer the questions (根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答下列問題): (12分)

I was very nervous as I waited to interview one of the most successful woman of our times: Kathy Howe. I was just a young reporter and she was not only a popular singer but also a famous actress, starring in many movies.

As soon as the door opened, however, and her slim figure appeared, I immediately relaxed. She looked great, with her kind brown eyes, her excellent black hair, and her beautiful smile. I looked for bags under her eyes, but there were none. “How do you manage to look so good and live life in the fast lane at the same time?” I asked her.

She laughed, and her whole face shone. “It’s tiring to be famous. You have to work hard, be on time, and take care of yourself. Also, you have to go to Hollywood parties, be taken photos for magazines, and give interviews!”

As we talked, I found out that Kathy is a very warm and kind person, and that her family is more important to her than being a star. At the same time, she wants to do everything as well as she can, so she can sometimes seem to be hard.

When I asked her if she thought of herself as lucky, she didn’t answer immediately. Then she said, “Well, perhaps I’m lucky, But I also work very hard, and being famous has weak points, too. In fact, I’ve missed out on lots of things I really enjoy doing, like spending time with my daughter.”

I felt sad when it was time to leave, as Kathy is a wonderful woman. I have never met anyone else who has such a busy life, and still manages to look so beautiful.

104. How did the writer feel before the interview began?

__________________________________________________________

105. What did Kathy Howe look like when she entered?

____________________________________________________________

106. Kathy Howe thinks being famous is tiring, doesn’t she?

_____________________________________________________________

107. What does Kathy Howe think of her family?

_____________________________________________________________

108. Does Kathy Howe have much time to spend with her daughter?

_____________________________________________________________

109. What kind of person do you think Kathy Howe is?

_______________________________________________________________

答案與分析：

104. very nervous 根據(jù)第一段首句I was very nervous as I waited to interview one of the most successful woman of our times。

105. She looked great, with her kind brown eyes, her excellent black hair, and her beautiful smile.根據(jù)第二段As soon as the door opened, however, and her slim figure appeared, I immediately relaxed. She looked great, with her kind brown eyes, her excellent black hair, and her beautiful smile.

106.Yes,she does.根據(jù)第三段中It’s tiring to be famous

107. Kathy Howe think of her family more important to her than being a star. 根據(jù)第四段中her family is more important to her than being a star.

108.No,she doesn’t.根據(jù)第五段中I’ve missed out on lots of things I really enjoy doing, like spending time with my daughter.

109. Kathy is a wonderful woman .(Any reasonable answers are acceptable.)

可以根據(jù)第六段中as Kathy is a wonderful woman與全文中心意思回答。

評(píng)價(jià)是教學(xué)的指揮棒，特別是具有選拔性質(zhì)的考試，對(duì)中小學(xué)教學(xué)的導(dǎo)向作用尤為明顯。2008年各地課改試驗(yàn)區(qū)的中考英語閱讀理解試題反映出來的中考招生新理念，對(duì)廣大初中英語教師與學(xué)生來說，應(yīng)該很有啟發(fā)�！伴_發(fā)課程資源，拓展學(xué)用渠道”，英語新課程的這條基本理念就要求我們教師的眼光走出課本的限制，為學(xué)生提供更多鮮活的英語訓(xùn)練材料。從2008年各地中考英語試題的內(nèi)容創(chuàng)新來看，劉翔與姚明等新內(nèi)容都還沒有來得及進(jìn)入我們的中學(xué)英語教材，但是已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了中考招生命題者的選材范圍。我們難道可以說，現(xiàn)行的初中英語教材上沒有這些內(nèi)容，它們就不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在中考英語試題中嗎？

中考英語閱讀理解測(cè)試的內(nèi)容比較全面，方式也多種多樣，考生應(yīng)該從各地真題中推敲、領(lǐng)會(huì)，集中有效地悟出中考英語閱讀理解題的答題思路和技巧。