2009年高考數(shù)學(xué)難點(diǎn)突破專(zhuān)題輔導(dǎo)十六

難點(diǎn)16  三角函數(shù)式的化簡(jiǎn)與求值

三角函數(shù)式的化簡(jiǎn)和求值是高考考查的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一.通過(guò)本節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí)使考生掌握化簡(jiǎn)和求值問(wèn)題的解題規(guī)律和途徑,特別是要掌握化簡(jiǎn)和求值的一些常規(guī)技巧,以?xún)?yōu)化我們的解題效果,做到事半功倍.

●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)

(★★★★★)已知6ec8aac122bd4f6eβα6ec8aac122bd4f6e,cos(αβ)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,sin(α+β)=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,求sin2α的值_________.

●案例探究

[例1]不查表求sin220°+cos280°+6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos20°cos80°的值.

命題意圖:本題主要考查兩角和、二倍角公式及降冪求值的方法,對(duì)計(jì)算能力的要求較高.屬于★★★★級(jí)題目.

知識(shí)依托:熟知三角公式并能靈活應(yīng)用.

錯(cuò)解分析:公式不熟,計(jì)算易出錯(cuò).

技巧與方法:解法一利用三角公式進(jìn)行等價(jià)變形;解法二轉(zhuǎn)化為函數(shù)問(wèn)題,使解法更簡(jiǎn)單更精妙,需認(rèn)真體會(huì).

解法一:sin220°+cos280°+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin220°cos80°

=6ec8aac122bd4f6e (1-cos40°)+6ec8aac122bd4f6e (1+cos160°)+ 6ec8aac122bd4f6esin20°cos80°

=1-6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos40°+6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos160°+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin20°cos(60°+20°)

=1-6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos40°+6ec8aac122bd4f6e (cos120°cos40°-sin120°sin40°)+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin20°(cos60°cos20°-sin60°sin20°)

=1-6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos40°-6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos40°-6ec8aac122bd4f6esin40°+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin40°-6ec8aac122bd4f6esin220°

=1-6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos40°-6ec8aac122bd4f6e(1-cos40°)= 6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解法二:設(shè)x=sin220°+cos280°+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin20°cos80°

y=cos220°+sin280°-6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos20°sin80°,則

x+y=1+1-6ec8aac122bd4f6esin60°=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,xy=-cos40°+cos160°+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin100°

=-2sin100°sin60°+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin100°=0

x=y=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,即x=sin220°+cos280°+6ec8aac122bd4f6esin20°cos80°=6ec8aac122bd4f6e.

[例2]設(shè)關(guān)于x的函數(shù)y=2cos2x-2acosx-(2a+1)的最小值為f(a),試確定滿(mǎn)足f(a)=6ec8aac122bd4f6ea值,并對(duì)此時(shí)的a值求y的最大值.

命題意圖:本題主要考查最值問(wèn)題、三角函數(shù)的有界性、計(jì)算能力以及較強(qiáng)的邏輯思維能力.屬★★★★★級(jí)題目

知識(shí)依托:二次函數(shù)在給定區(qū)間上的最值問(wèn)題.

錯(cuò)解分析:考生不易考查三角函數(shù)的有界性,對(duì)區(qū)間的分類(lèi)易出錯(cuò).

技巧與方法:利用等價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)化把問(wèn)題化歸為二次函數(shù)問(wèn)題,還要用到配方法、數(shù)形結(jié)合、分類(lèi)講座等.

解:由y=2(cosx6ec8aac122bd4f6e)26ec8aac122bd4f6e及cosx∈[-1,1]得:

f(a)6ec8aac122bd4f6e

f(a)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,∴1-4a=6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6ea=6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e[2,+∞6ec8aac122bd4f6e

故-6ec8aac122bd4f6e2a-1=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,解得:a=-1,此時(shí),

y=2(cosx+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)2+6ec8aac122bd4f6e,當(dāng)cosx=1時(shí),即x=2kπ,kZ,ymax=5.

[例3]已知函數(shù)f(x)=2cosxsin(x+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)-6ec8aac122bd4f6esin2x+sinxcosx

(1)求函數(shù)f(x)的最小正周期;

(2)求f(x)的最小值及取得最小值時(shí)相應(yīng)的x的值;

(3)若當(dāng)x∈[6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e]時(shí),f(x)的反函數(shù)為f1(x),求f-1(1)的值.

命題意圖:本題主要考查三角公式、周期、最值、反函數(shù)等知識(shí),還考查計(jì)算變形能力,綜合運(yùn)用知識(shí)的能力,屬★★★★★級(jí)題目.

知識(shí)依托:熟知三角函數(shù)公式以及三角函數(shù)的性質(zhì)、反函數(shù)等知識(shí).

錯(cuò)解分析:在求f-1(1)的值時(shí)易走彎路.

技巧與方法:等價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)化,逆向思維.

解:(1)f(x)=2cosxsin(x+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)-6ec8aac122bd4f6esin2x+sinxcosx

=2cosx(sinxcos6ec8aac122bd4f6e+cosxsin6ec8aac122bd4f6e)-6ec8aac122bd4f6esin2x+sinxcosx

=2sinxcosx+6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos2x=2sin(2x+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)

f(x)的最小正周期T=π

(2)當(dāng)2x+6ec8aac122bd4f6e=2kπ6ec8aac122bd4f6e,即x=kπ6ec8aac122bd4f6e (kZ)時(shí),f(x)取得最小值-2.

(3)令2sin(2x+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)=1,又x∈[6ec8aac122bd4f6e],

∴2x+6ec8aac122bd4f6e∈[6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e],∴2x+6ec8aac122bd4f6e=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則

x=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,故f-1(1)= 6ec8aac122bd4f6e.

●錦囊妙計(jì)

本難點(diǎn)所涉及的問(wèn)題以及解決的方法主要有:

1.求值問(wèn)題的基本類(lèi)型:1°給角求值,2°給值求值,3°給式求值,4°求函數(shù)式的最值或值域,5°化簡(jiǎn)求值.

2.技巧與方法:

1°要尋求角與角關(guān)系的特殊性,化非特角為特殊角,熟練準(zhǔn)確地應(yīng)用公式.

2°注意切割化弦、異角化同角、異名化同名、角的變換等常規(guī)技巧的運(yùn)用.

3°對(duì)于條件求值問(wèn)題,要認(rèn)真尋找條件和結(jié)論的關(guān)系,尋找解題的突破口,很難入手的問(wèn)題,可利用分析法.

4°求最值問(wèn)題,常用配方法、換元法來(lái)解決.

●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練

一、選擇題

1.(★★★★★)已知方程x2+4ax+3a+1=0(a>1)的兩根均tanα、tanβ,且α,β

試題詳情

(-6ec8aac122bd4f6e),則tan6ec8aac122bd4f6e的值是(    )

試題詳情

A.6ec8aac122bd4f6e                            B.-2                     C.6ec8aac122bd4f6e                           D. 6ec8aac122bd4f6e或-2

試題詳情

二、填空題

2.(★★★★)已知sinα=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,α∈(6ec8aac122bd4f6e,π),tan(πβ)= 6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則tan(α-2β)=_________.

試題詳情

3.(★★★★★)設(shè)α∈(6ec8aac122bd4f6e),β∈(0,6ec8aac122bd4f6e),cos(α6ec8aac122bd4f6e)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,sin(6ec8aac122bd4f6e+β)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則sin(α+β)=_________.

試題詳情

三、解答題

4.不查表求值:6ec8aac122bd4f6e

試題詳情

5.已知cos(6ec8aac122bd4f6e+x)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,(6ec8aac122bd4f6ex6ec8aac122bd4f6e),求6ec8aac122bd4f6e的值.

試題詳情

6.(★★★★★)已知αβ=6ec8aac122bd4f6eπ,且αkπ(kZ).求6ec8aac122bd4f6e的最大值及最大值時(shí)的條件.

試題詳情

6ec8aac122bd4f6e7.(★★★★★)如右圖,扇形OAB的半徑為1,中心角60°,四邊形PQRS是扇形的內(nèi)接矩形,當(dāng)其面積最大時(shí),求點(diǎn)P的位置,并求此最大面積.

試題詳情

8.(★★★★★)已知cosα+sinβ=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,sinα+cosβ的取值范圍是DxD,求函數(shù)y=6ec8aac122bd4f6e的最小值,并求取得最小值時(shí)x

的值.

試題詳情

 

難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)

解法一:∵6ec8aac122bd4f6eβα6ec8aac122bd4f6e,∴0<αβ6ec8aac122bd4f6e.πα+β6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

∴sin(αβ)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e

∴sin2α=sin[(αβ)+(α+β)]

=sin(αβ)cos(α+β)+cos(αβ)sin(α+β)

6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解法二:∵sin(αβ)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,cos(α+β)=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

∴sin2α+sin2β=2sin(α+β)cos(αβ)=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e

sin2α-sin2β=2cos(α+β)sin(αβ)=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e

∴sin2α=6ec8aac122bd4f6e

殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練

一、1.解析:∵a>1,tanα+tanβ=-4a<0.

tanα+tanβ=3a+1>0,又αβ∈(-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e)∴α、β∈(-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,θ),則6ec8aac122bd4f6e∈(-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,0),又tan(α+β)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

整理得2tan26ec8aac122bd4f6e=0.解得tan6ec8aac122bd4f6e=-2.

答案:B

2.解析:∵sinα=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,α∈(6ec8aac122bd4f6e,π),∴cosα=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e

則tanα=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,又tan(πβ)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e可得tanβ=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

6ec8aac122bd4f6e

答案:6ec8aac122bd4f6e

3.解析:α∈(6ec8aac122bd4f6e),α6ec8aac122bd4f6e∈(0, 6ec8aac122bd4f6e),又cos(α6ec8aac122bd4f6e)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e.

6ec8aac122bd4f6e

答案:6ec8aac122bd4f6e

三、4.答案:2

6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6ekZ),6ec8aac122bd4f6ekZ

∴當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6ekZ)時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e的最小值為-1.

7.解:以OAx軸.O為原點(diǎn),建立平面直角坐標(biāo)系,并設(shè)P的坐標(biāo)為(cosθ,sinθ),則

PS|=sinθ.直線(xiàn)OB的方程為y=6ec8aac122bd4f6ex,直線(xiàn)PQ的方程為y=sinθ.聯(lián)立解之得Q(6ec8aac122bd4f6esinθ;sinθ),所以|PQ|=cosθ6ec8aac122bd4f6esinθ.

于是SPQRS=sinθ(cosθ6ec8aac122bd4f6esinθ)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e(6ec8aac122bd4f6esinθcosθ-sin2θ)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e(6ec8aac122bd4f6esin2θ6ec8aac122bd4f6e)=6ec8aac122bd4f6e(6ec8aac122bd4f6esin2θ+6ec8aac122bd4f6ecos2θ6ec8aac122bd4f6e)= 6ec8aac122bd4f6esin(2θ+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)-6ec8aac122bd4f6e.

∵0<θ6ec8aac122bd4f6e,∴6ec8aac122bd4f6e<2θ+6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6eπ.∴6ec8aac122bd4f6e<sin(2θ+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)≤1.

∴sin(2θ+6ec8aac122bd4f6e)=1時(shí),PQRS面積最大,且最大面積是6ec8aac122bd4f6e,此時(shí),θ=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,點(diǎn)P6ec8aac122bd4f6e的中點(diǎn),P(6ec8aac122bd4f6e).

8.解:設(shè)u=sinα+cosβ.則u2+(6ec8aac122bd4f6e)2=(sinα+cosβ)2+(cosα+sinβ)2=2+2sin(α+β)≤4.∴u2≤1,-1≤u≤1.即D=[-1,1],設(shè)t=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,∵-1≤x≤1,∴1≤t6ec8aac122bd4f6e.x=6ec8aac122bd4f6e.

6ec8aac122bd4f6e


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