The history of Chinese calligraphy is probably as long as that of China itself. Calligraphy is a special category in China’s world of fine arts. Through the centuries Chinese characters have changed constantly and are mainly divided into five categories today: the seal script (zhuan shu), official script (li shu), regular script (kai shu), running script (xing shu) and cursive script (cao shu).

Calligraphy involves a great deal of theory and requires many skills. Among the most outstanding calligraphers in ancient China were Wang Xizhi, Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhengqing, and Liu Gongquan, who are known for pioneering their own styles.

In writhing calligraphy, one will need a brush, paper, an ink-stick and an ink-stone, commonly referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study”. There are different types of brushes. White-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hair brushes are the main ones. According to their function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and medium. Brush sticks are usually made of bamboo, wood, or porcelain; ivory or jade sticks are rare and precious.

The ink-stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink-stick is hui mo (Anhui ink stick), made from pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink-stick. Press the ink-stick hard and rub it lightly, slowly and evenly against the ink slab to make thick, liquid-ink.

While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in Xuanzhou (today’s Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and moth-proof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.

Ink-stones or ink-slabs have been classified into three categories: Duan, she and Tao. Features common to all three are hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard and fine, it is not dry or slippery. Using a hard and smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink-stick against the stone.

By handling the brush and ink skillfully and carefully, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.

Title: Chinese Calligraphy

(76) __________ of Chinese characters

Seal scrip (zhuan shu)

Calligraphy involves both theory and many (78)__________, wang Xizhi, Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhengqing, and Liu Gongquan are well-known for creating their personal (79)__________

(77)__________ script (li shu)

Regular script (kai shu)

Running script (xing shu)

Cursive script (cao shu)

Four (80)__________ of the Study

Brush

(81)__________ for the brush

White-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair,or yellow-weasel-hair

Function

Hard, (82)__________ and medium

Stick

Bamboo, wood, porcelain, ivory or jade

Ink-stick

hui mo

(Anhui ink)

Made from (83)__________ that grow on Huangshan Mountain

Paper

Xuan paper

Soft and fine textured;

Can be kept for a (84)__________ time

Ink-stone

Duan

Common (85)__________: hard and fine, but not dry or slippery

She

Tao

76. Categories        77. Official            78. skills               79. styles               80. Treasures

81. Material           82. soft                 83. pines               84. long                85. features

One possible version：

Nowadays, with the growing popularity of computers, teachers, students and their parents are paying less and less attention to handwriting.

According go a recent survey about 85.5 percent of middle school students think that their handwriting is poor. Yet for various reasons, many students don’t want to improve their hand writing. 51.5 percent of the students think that they can just use a computer, so there is no need to waste time improving their handwriting, and 32.3 percent believe that they are so busy with the study that they do not have time to practice. 10.9 percent think that practicing handwriting is useless.

As the saying goes, writing style shows the man. Beautiful and neat handwriting is beneficial, especially for middle school students. Therefore, in my opinion, more emphasis should be placed on this aspect in future.

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