Question

【題目】Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior．

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’ s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.

【1】According to the first study, we mainly infer that .

A．the game is called Prisoner’s Dilemma

B．the less a group punished itself, the lower its earnings

C．a(chǎn)dults are much more cooperative if rewarded

D．the game is introduced in the journal Science

【2】Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?

A．Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment．

B．The study is about violence and cooperation of children．

C．The children tested were divided into groups of four．

D．Children's mental development only relies on their IQs．

【3】What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?

A． Punished． B． Blamed． C． Tested． D． Praised．

【4】What might be the best title for the text?

A． The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

B． Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

C． Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

D． Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】C

【2】A

【3】A

【4】D

【解析】

試題分析：文章主要介紹了兩項(xiàng)研究的過程和研究成果。近期的兩項(xiàng)研究顯示，懲罰不是影響行為的最好方法。其中一項(xiàng)研究顯示，成年人在一個(gè)基于獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的機(jī)制中更具合作性。另一項(xiàng)研究表明，懲罰不利于孩子心智的發(fā)展。

【1】C推理判斷題。A項(xiàng)太片面；文章沒有提到最好的方法，排除B；D項(xiàng)不夠具體；根據(jù)第二段“One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.”和第六段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，研究表明，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)能夠促進(jìn)合作，懲罰不利于孩子的心智發(fā)展，故選C。

【2】A推理判斷題。根據(jù)帶第六段“who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，被父母體罰的孩子，他們的智商比沒有受到體罰的孩子的低5分，根據(jù)最后一段“He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.”可知，孩子受到的懲罰越多，他們的心智發(fā)展得越慢。故選A。

【3】A猜測(cè)詞義題。根據(jù)帶第六段“who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，被父母體罰的孩子，他們的智商比沒有受到體罰的孩子的低5分，根據(jù)最后一段“He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.”可知，孩子受到的懲罰越多，他們的心智發(fā)展得越慢，說明劃線詞是“懲罰”的意思，故選B。

【4】D主旨大意題。B、D兩項(xiàng)文中未提及；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”和最后一段“the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development”可知，懲罰不利于孩子的身心發(fā)展，排除C；根據(jù)第二段“adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards”和第六段“five points higher than those who were”可知，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)能夠促進(jìn)合作，而懲罰不利于孩子心智的發(fā)展，只有A項(xiàng)與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有關(guān)，故選A。