Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are a major cause of climate change, and now a new study has confirmed that atmosphere CO2 is also affecting the ocean chemistry and potentially harming sea life.
Montana State University scientist Robert Dore has been researching the water in the Pacific Ocean for almost two decades. “We’ve been going to the same spot in the Pacific Ocean, and we try and characterize long-term change in the open ocean environment. And one of the key things that we measure is CO2 levels. And we’ve been able to record this increasing quantity of atmosphere CO2 into the ocean.”
Scientists expected that as atmosphere CO2 increased, more and more of the carbon dioxide would be absorbed into the ocean, affecting the chemical balance of the sea water, with a potentially harmful impact on shellfish and coral in particular.
“As carbon dioxide dissolves in the water or seawater in this case, it forms a weak acid, carbonic acid,” Dore explains. “And therefore, as the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere goes up and that exchanges with the surface seawater, it drives the pH down, and makes it more acidic.”
The seawater samples Dore and his colleagues have analyzed confirm what the theory predicts.
The effect was particular striking at about 250 meters down, and again at 500 meters. Dore and his colleagues came up with two possible explanations. It could be that surface water picked up CO2 and then moved to those depths. Or there could be a biological explanation.
“It’s important to realize that the oceans are really becoming acidic. And it can have negative impacts on a whole variety of sea life from fish to coral. It’s potentially catastrophic.”
小題1:What can be the best title of the passage?
A．Scientist Researching Seawater
B．Sea Life Facing Danger
C．Oceans Becoming More Acidic
D．Climate Change Affecting Seawater
小題2:With the increase of atmospheric CO2, _______.
A．more corals will appear in the sea
B．the chemical balance of the seawater is affected
C．the surface water is becoming warmer
D．the pH of the ocean out here has been increasing
小題3:Which of the following shows the process of the impact of atmospheric CO2 on sea life?
a. Sea life is endangered.
b. CO2 goes into the surface water.
c. The ocean chemistry is affected.
d. CO2 decreases the pH and makes the seawater more acidic.
e. CO2 levels in the atmosphere go up.
A．a(chǎn)→b→c→d→eB．e→b→c→d→a
C．a(chǎn)→e→b→c→dD．e→d→c→b→a
小題4:Scientist Robert Dore came to the conclusion based on_______.
A．the expectation of other scientists
B．some former theory
C．his research and analysis
D．a(chǎn) major cause of climate change

小題1:B
小題2:B
小題3:B
小題4:C

試題分析：一項新的研究已經(jīng)證實，大氣中二氧化碳也在著海洋物質(zhì)的化學(xué)平衡，對海洋生命有著潛在的傷害。二氧化碳?xì)怏w被海洋吸收，逐漸使海水原來的酸堿平衡被打破，這樣的話，海洋生物就失去了生存的環(huán)境而面臨死亡的危險。
小題1:根據(jù)第一段“and now a new study has confirmed that atmosphere CO2 is also affecting the ocean chemistry and potentially harming sea life.”第三段“as atmosphere CO2 increased, more and more of the carbon dioxide would be absorbed into the ocean, affecting the chemical balance of the sea water, with a potentially harmful impact on shellfish and coral in particular.”和最后一段“the oceans are really becoming acidic. And it can have negative impacts on a whole variety of sea life from fish to coral. It’s potentially catastrophic.”可知，文章講的是大氣中二氧化碳含量的升高對海洋生態(tài)造成的威脅，故選B。
小題2:根據(jù)第三段“as atmosphere CO2 increased, more and more of the carbon dioxide would be absorbed into the ocean, affecting the chemical balance of the sea water”可知，隨著二氧化碳含量的增多，越來越多的二氧化碳被海洋吸收，這會影響海水的化學(xué)平衡，故選B。
小題3:根據(jù)第三、四段“as atmosphere CO2 increased, more and more of the carbon dioxide would be absorbed into the ocean, affecting the chemical balance of the sea water ...As carbon dioxide dissolves in the water or seawater in this case, it forms a weak acid, carbonic acid, it drives the pH down, and makes it more acidic”可知，先是大氣中的二氧化碳含量增加，排除A、C；接著是二氧化碳被海水吸收，影響海水的化學(xué)平衡，隨著酸性物質(zhì)的形成，海水的PH值下降，給海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境帶來威脅，故選B。
小題4:根據(jù)“Montana State University scientist Robert Dore has been researching the water in the Pacific Ocean for almost two decades. ...The seawater samples Dore and his colleagues have analyzed confirm what the theory predicts.”可知，科學(xué)家得出的結(jié)論是建立在研究和分析的基礎(chǔ)之上的，故選C。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The year is 2094,It has been announced that a comet is heading towards the Earth.Most of it will miss our planet, but two pieces will probably hit the southern half of the Earth.
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Before the waves reach South America.the second piece of the comet lands in Argentina.Earthquakes and volcanoes are set off in the Andes Moutains.The shock waves move north into California and all around the Pacific Ocean. The cities of Los Angeles,San Francisco and Tokyo are completely destroyed by earthquakes,Millions of people in the southern half of the earth are already dead,but the north won’t eacape for long.Because of the explosions the sun is hidden by clouds of dust,and temperatures around the world fall to almost zero.Crops are ruined.The sun won’t be seen again for many years.Wars break out as countries fight for food.A year later,no more than 10 million remain laive.
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A．A historic discoveryB．A research on space
C．A scientific adventureD．An imaginary event
小題2:When the first piece hits the South Atlantic,it causes_______.
A．a(chǎn)n earthquakeB．huge waves
C．damages to citiesD．a(chǎn)n Earth explosion
小題3:Why can’t the northern half of the earth escape ofr long?
A．Because the land is covered with water.
B．because people there can not live at the temperature of zero.
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A．a(chǎn)nimals could not live in the cold climate.
B．what happened 65 mollion years ago was an invented story.
C．the human beings will die out in 2094
D．the Earth could be hit by other objects in space
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A．Differences between dogs and cats in their personality qualities.
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A．Apophis Asteroid, a Possible Destroyer of Earth
B．Apophis, a Good Name for Dangerous Asteroid
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C．measure the size of
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B．No way to deal with Apophis is available at present.
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B．NASA’s study on NEOs.
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Can software bring dead tongues back to life? Probably yes.
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"Our computer system is doing a basic job right now," says Alex Bouchard-Côté, an assistant professor in the department of statistics at the University of British Columbia and lead author of the paper describing the algorithm. But the program does a good enough job that it may be able to give linguists a head start, the statistician added.
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The algorithm won't replace trained human linguists, but could speed up language analysis.
Using a computer to do large-scale reconstruction offers another advantage. Bouchard-Côté says, “With big data sets, you can really start finding regularities … You might find that certain sounds are more likely to change than others."
So Bouchard-Côté's team tested the "functional load hypothesis（假設(shè)）," which says that sounds that are more important for two clearly different words are less likely to change over time. A formal test of this hypothesis in 1967 looked at four languages; Bouchard-Côté's algorithm looked at 637.
"The revealed pattern would not be obvious if we had not been able to reconstruct large numbers of protolanguages," Bouchard-Côté and his coauthors write in the new study.
In addition to simply helping linguists understand how people spoke in the past, studying ancient languages can perhaps answer historical questions. For example, Bouchard-Côté says, "Say people are interested in finding out when Europe was settled. If you can figure out if the language of the settling population had a word for wheel, then you can get some idea of the order in which things occurred, because you would have some records that show you when the wheel was invented.”
小題1:The underline word “protolanguages” in the first paragraph probably refers to __________.
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B．parent languages that existed in the past
C．languages developed from a common ancestor
D．languages used to explain things that occurred in the past
小題2:We can learn from the fourth and fifth paragraphs that the reconstruction of “protolanguage” by scholars __________.
A．is commonly accepted as false
B．dates back to the 19th century
C．focuses on European languages
D．is conducted using the comparative method
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A．a(chǎn)rouse people’s interest in when Europe was settled
B．a(chǎn)llow us to find answers to some historical questions
C．enable us to picture the way linguists communicated
D．help figure out how the wheel was invented
小題4:The author probably wants to prove the computer algorithm program led by Bouchard-Côté ___________.
A．will bring every dead language back to life
B．can take the place of linguists in language analysis
C．is of great help to promote language analysis with big data sets
D．can merely reconstruct Asian-Pacific “protolanguages”

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Farmers, especially in developing countries, are often criticized for cutting down forests. But a new study suggests that many farmers recognize the value of keeping trees.
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The study found the most tree cover in South America. Next comes Africa south of the Sahara, followed by Southeast Asia. North Africa and West Asia have the least.
The study found that climate conditions alone could not explain the amount of tree cover in different areas. Nor could the size of nearby populations, meaning people and trees can live together. There are areas with few trees but also few people, and areas with many trees and many people. The findings suggest that things like land rights, markets or government policies can influence tree planting and protection.
Dennis Garrity, who heads the World Agroforestry Center, says farmers are acting on their own to protect and plant trees. The problem, he says, is that policy makers and planners have been slow to recognize this and to support such efforts.
The satellite images may not show what the farmers are using the trees for, but trees provide nuts, fruit, wood and other products. They also help prevent soil loss and protect water supplies. Even under drought(干旱)conditions, trees can often provide food and a way to earn money until the next growing season.
Some trees act as natural fertilizers. They take nitrogen(氮氣)out of the air and put it in the soil. Scientists at the Center say the use of fertilizer trees can re-duce the need for chemical nitrogen by up to three-fourths. Trees also capture carbon dioxide, a gas linked to climate change.
小題1:Through the study, the researchers found that               .
A．there are more trees on farmlands than expected
B．fewer trees are being cut in developing countries
C．most farmers still don’t realize the value of trees
D．trees play a key role in preventing climate change
小題2:Which of the following has the least tree cover?
A．Southeast AsiaB．West Asia.
C．South America.D．Africa south of the Sahara.
小題3:In Dennis Garrity’s opinion,              .
A．most farmers care about nothing but their own interests
B．there are usually few people living in areas with few trees
C．government plays a small role in tree planting and protection
D．government should support farmers in planting and protecting trees
小題4:The sixth paragraph mainly tells about          .
A．how farmers plant trees
B．what products trees can bring
C．the importance of trees to farmers
D．the environmental value of tree cover

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; _________________, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way children, learning to do all the other things without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle, compare their own performances（表現(xiàn)）with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he became dependent on the teacher.
Why should we teachers waste time on such tiring work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let’s end all this nonsense（荒謬的）of grades, exams and marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must someday learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.
We should, of course, offer help to them just as they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is nonsense in a world as complicated（復(fù)雜的）and rapidly changing as ours. Don’t worry! If something is basic, they will go out into the world and learn it.
小題1:What is the main idea of the passage? (No more than 8 words.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
小題2:Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
Teachers seem to think that a child can’t find out a mistake or correct it without their help.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
小題3:Please fill in the blank in the first paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.
(No more than 10 words.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
小題4:According to the passage, what should a teacher do? (No more than 15 words.)
A teacher should ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
小題5:What is the author’s attitude towards grades, exams and marks at school?
(No more than 5 words.)
The author thinks _____________________________________________________________

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