18．Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history．Dubos （1969）suggested that primitive（原始的）humans were closer to the animals because they，too，relied upon their instincts to stay healthy．Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating（減輕）symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound．Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body，magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders．So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits．Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual （禮儀） to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body．
One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates．Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400B．C．，not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name．Nevertheless，the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice．One of his most famous contributions，the Hippocratic Oath，is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics （道德）．Among other things，it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick，keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm，and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship．
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived（源自于）from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships．In this classic thesis，On Airs，Waters，and Places，Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors：living habits or lifestyle，climate，geography of the land，and the quality of air and food．Interesting enough，concerns about our health and the quality of air，water，and places are still very much written in the twentieth century．
31．The topic of the first paragraph is summarized inA．
A．the first sentence of the paragraph
B．the second sentence of the paragraph
C．the third sentence of the paragraph
D．the last sentence of the paragraph
32．Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseasesB？
A．Because magic was an inseparable part of their life．
B．Because they had little knowledge about the functioning of the body．
C．Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits．
D．Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits．
33．Considering Hippocrates'background，we can see from the second paragraph thatD．
A．he was the forefather of modern medicine
B．experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him
C．he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts
D．experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived
34．All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPTD．
A．helping patients
B．keeping oneself from harming patients
C．keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients
D．obeying rules for modern medicine practice
35．Which of the following best expressed the main idea of the last paragraph？C
A．Doctor's concerns remain unchanged．
B．Medicine comes from nature．
C．Environment affects health．
D．Climate determines lifestyle．
分析 本文是一篇說明文，主要闡述了嘗試理解社會行為和健康的關系有著歷史淵源．原始人依靠本能來保持健康，但由于他們對人體的機能尚不了解，于是就把疾病和健康與神靈聯(lián)系在了一起．古希臘醫(yī)學家希波克拉底對醫(yī)學做出了很大的貢獻．
解答 31-35 ABDDC
31．A 推理判斷題．根據(jù)第一段第一句"Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history．"可知，此處是第一段的主題句，主要講的是古人對健康的了解和看法，即社會行為和健康的關系有著歷史淵源，故選A．
32．B 細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第一段"Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body，magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders．"可知，原始人對人體的功能了解不多，于是就把疾病與巫術練習了起來，故選B．
33．D 細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第二段中的"Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B．C．，not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name．"可知，關于希波克拉底，人們知道的很少，除了知道他是希臘人，生活在公元前400年，故選D．
34．D 細節(jié)理解題．可用排除法．根據(jù)第三段中的"he or she will help the sick，keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm，and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship"可知，A、B、C都是希波克拉底誓言里面的內容，故選D．
35．C 細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)最后一段中的"human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors"可知，環(huán)境與健康的關系，故選C．
點評 解答細節(jié)理解題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據(jù)題干和選項中的關鍵詞從原文中找到相關的句子，與選項進行比較從而確定答案；推理判斷題既要求學生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章隱含意思，又要求學生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度去考慮，不要固守自己的看法或觀點．
