Question

20．Proxemics （空間關(guān)系學） is the study of what governs how closely one person stands to another．People who feel close will be close，though the actual distances will vary between cultures．For Americans we can detect four main categories of distance：intimate （親密的），personal，social and public．Intimate ranges from direct contact to about 45 centimeters．This is for the closest relationships such as those between husband and wife．Beyond this comes personal distance．This stands at between 45 and 80 centimeters．It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives．Social distance covers people who work together or are meeting at social gatherings．Distances here tend to be kept between 1.30 to 2 meters．Beyond this comes public distance，such as that between a lecturer and his audience．
All cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what is an inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship．They differ，however，in where they draw these lines．Look at an international reception with representatives from the US and Arabic countries talking and you will see the Americans pirouetting （快速旋轉(zhuǎn)） backwards around the hall pursued by their Arab partners．The Americans will be trying to keep the distance between themselves and their partners which they have grown used to regarding as"normal"．They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their partners，though they may have vague feeling that their Arab neighbors are being a bit"pushy"．The Arab，on the other hand，coming from a culture where much closer distance is the pattern，may be feeling that the Americans are being"stand-offish"．Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation with they will persistently pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between them．
The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures too．One study of the number of times people talking in coffee shops over a one-hour period showed the following interesting variations：London，0； Florida，2； Paris，10； and Puerto Rico 180．Not only does it vary between societies，however，it also varies between different subcultures within one society．Young people in Britain，for example，are more likely to touch and hug friends than are the older generation．This may be partly a matter of growing older，but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at a time when touching was less common for all age groups．Forty years ago，for example，footballers would never hug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS）
78．What govern the standing space between two persons in proxemics？Relationships
79．The underlined word"stand-offish"in Paragraph 2 most probably means"cold/distant/keeping others at arm's length/not easily getting along"．
80．Why may Arabs pursue Americans in a conversation at an international reception？
Because they try to close the distance between them
81．What can be inferred from the last paragraph is that the appropriateness of physical contact also varies withtime．

Answer 1

分析 本文主要論述了在不同文化里對空間關(guān)系學的不同理解和認知．

解答 78．Relationships （do）．細節(jié)概括題． 第一段介紹了Proxemics 的定義，即人和人之間的關(guān)系是有距離決定的，緊接著拿美國人的四種關(guān)系作為例子，來說明人和人之間的距離主要靠雙方的關(guān)系來支配，即relationships govern the standing space between two persons in proxemics．
79．cold/distant/keeping others at arm's length/not easily getting along 猜測詞意題．第二段主題句為All cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what is an inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship．不同文化對于雙方的距離是不一樣的．舉例美國人和阿拉伯人，可以看出美國人比較注重雙方的舉例，而阿拉伯人則喜歡和人靠近．所以在阿拉伯人眼中，美國人"stand-offish"意味著冷漠，不友好．
80．Because they try to close the distance between them．/Because they regard much closer distance as the pattern/appropriate．/Because they feel they are happier being close to them．細節(jié)理解題．在第二段里，主要列舉了美國人和阿拉伯人對待人和人之間距離的不同認識．在交流中，阿拉伯人認為雙方近距離是一種友好也是一種恰當?shù)谋磉_方式．
81．time/the times  細節(jié)理解題．最后一段主題句The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures too，意思是恰當?shù)闹�體接觸也隨著時間而變化．然后從London，F(xiàn)lorida，Paris，and Puerto Rico 等國家作為例子來具體說明時間可以改變．故用time/the times  來概括．

點評 本文是說明類的閱讀表達，要求學生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)短文后的題目，在文中找到相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，并用簡潔、準確的句子，將理解的內(nèi)容，書面表達出來．做題時，注意表達的內(nèi)容不要超出規(guī)定的字數(shù)．