B

    Economists usually study markets．Now，two Americans have won the Nobel Prize in economics for not studying markets．They will share almost one and a half million dollars for their analysis of economic governance(治理)．The winners are Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University in Bloomington and Oliver Williamson of the University of California，Berkeley．The prize in economic sciences has gone to 63 men since it was first awarded 40 years ago．Elinor Ostrom is the first woman．And，like other winners over the years，her training is not limited to economics．She is a professor of political science and of public and environmental affairs．

    Today，economic theory suggests that good resource management requires ownership，either private or public．If not，the thinking goes，then self-interest will lead to overuse and destruction of shared resources．Ecologist Garrett Hardin described this idea in 1968 as“the tragedy of the commons．”

    Elinor Ostrom showed how local decision making can lessen the tragedy．Her research has deepened understanding of how people balance their needs with those of others who depend on the same resources．    

    She studied communities like farmers in Southern  California who depended on a common water supply． She documented how people who use resources often develop ways to share them．One example is forest management．She says，“One of the absolutely key，most important variables(變量)as to

whether or not a forest survives and continues is whether local people monitor each other and its use．Not officials，locals．”

    Oliver Williamson has studied big companies and found that they often are better than markets at doing complex jobs．Under his theory，businesses act as structures for conflict resolution．

    For example，companies that own their suppliers can avoid long-term contracts and disputes over prices．This can make production more efficient and make better use of limited resources．But businesses can also abuse their power．Professor Williamson says the best way to deal with this is not by limiting the size of companies，but through industry regulation．

  The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said economists need to do more than study markets and prices．The Nobel judges urged more research like the kind they recognized with this year’s award．

60．According to Elinor Ostrom，                 ．

      A．the tragedy of the commons is caused by local decision

      B．private ownership can cause the tragedy of the commons

      C．overuse of shared resources can cause the tragedy of the commons

      D．it is not the officials but the local people who can do something to avoid the tragedy

61．This year’s Nobel Prize for economics is shared by         ．

    A．Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson   B．Elinor Ostrom and Garrett Hardin

    C．Oliver Williamson and Garrett Hardin   D．63 economic scientists

62．Professor Williamson proved that long-term contracts and disputes over prices can be

      avoided by big companies by                   ．

      A．1imiting the size of other companies

      B．providing sufficient production

      C．sharing resources with their own suppliers

      D．setting up their own industry regulation

63．Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?

      A．Two American Economists Won the Nobel Prize for Studying Markets．

      B．Researchers of Economic Governance Won the Nobel Prize for Economics．

      C．First Woman to Win the Nobel Prize for Economic Strategies．

      D．The Tragedy of the Commons and the Big Businesses．

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科目：高中英語 來源：2012年全國普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試英語（重慶卷帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren ”, John Keynes, a famous economist, wrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are independent of what others have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought that although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (無止境的) , this is not true of absolute needs.
Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending is decided by the desire for superiority. He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this desire as the only source of insatiable demands.
Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the demands for almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an anniversary dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. Their goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.
There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demand for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sport car on the market Priced at over $120,000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.
By placing the desire to be superior to others at the heart of his description of insatiable demands, Keynes actually reduced such demands. However, the desire for higher quality has no natural limits.
【小題1】According to the passage, John Keynes believed that_______.

A．desire is the root of both absolute and relative needs
B．a(chǎn)bsolute needs come from our sense of superiority
C．relative needs alone lead to insatiable demands
D．a(chǎn)bsolute needs are stronger than relative needs
【小題2】What do we know about the couple in Paragraph 3?
A．They want to show their superiority.
B．They find specialty important to meals.
C．Their demands for food are not easily satisfied.
D．Their choice of dinner is
【小題3】What does the underlined word “escalation” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Understanding.B．IncreaseC．DifferenceD．Study
【小題4】The author of the passage argues that ______.
A．a(chǎn)bsolute needs have no limits
B．demands for quality are not insatiable
C．human desires influence ideas of quality
D．relative needs decide most of our spending

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科目：高中英語 來源：2011-2012學(xué)年新疆農(nóng)七師高級中學(xué)高二下學(xué)期第二階段考英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

2010 was a good year for American farmers. They earned about eighty-two billion dollars. That is almost one-third more than that they earned last year. And it is twenty-six percent higher than the ten-year average. Values for grain and oilseed crops are up about three percent from last year. The value of animal production is up by almost seven percent.
In 2011, farm exports are expected to break the all-time high set in 2008.The Agriculture Department says exports in 2011 could top one hundred and twenty-six billion dollars. The largest buyer of agricultural products is expected to be Canada. But farm exports to China are predicted to come within five hundred million dollars of Canadian purchases. Secretary Vilsack says countries in Southeast Asia and the Middle East are also buying more from American farmers.
Poor growing conditions overseas played an important part in higher prices for American crops in 2010.Charlotte Hebe brand is chief executive of the International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council in Washington. She said drought(干旱)conditions had a big effect over the summer. She said,“There were horrible weather problems, not just in Russia but also in some of the other former Soviet Union countries.”
Wheat prices rose after Russia stopped wheat exports,although Russia later eased the ban(禁令).“Wheat used to be America’s top crop. What’s interesting,though,is that wheat production has actually become less over the past few years because corn has become the most popular crop,”said economist Charlotte Hebebrand.
Corn is mostly fed to animals. But Miss Hebebrand said with the recent increase in wheat prices, American farmers might plant more wheat again. Corn and wheat are the two largest crops supported by the government.
【小題1】We know that compared to 2009,in 2010 American farmers——.

A．planted less cornB．planted morn crops
C．planted morn wheatD．earned more money
【小題2】What does the Agriculture Department expect in 2011?
A． Agriculture exports will continue to increase.
B． China will be the largest buyer of agriculture products
C． America will export food to every country around the world
D． Southeast Asian countries will start buying food from America
【小題3】What is implied in Paragraph 3?
A． America farming also was greatly affected in 2010
B． Russia was not the country most affected by drought in 2010
C． Weather problems helped raise prices for American crops in 2010
D． American crops were the most expensive around the world in 2010
【小題4】We can infer that in the past few years American farmers——
A． reduced crop exports
B． increased corn production
C． increased wheat production
D． increased investment in farming
【小題5】According to what Miss Hebebrand said, we know American farmers will ——
A．stop feeding corn to animals
B．export most of their corn
C．try to increased wheat production
D．try to get more support from the governmet

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科目：高中英語 來源：天津市2010屆高三下學(xué)期第一次模擬考試英語試卷 題型：閱讀理解

 

    In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession(癡迷) is more about us than them. So we’ve created various justifications（辯解）that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford.

We have a full-developed panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. What causes the hysteria(歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite（精英）degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All seems right but mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two measures—professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams selective schools do slightly worse.

By some studies, selective schools do enhance（提高） their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-point increase in a school’s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke(偶然). A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools.

Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and, surprisingly, its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life’s only competition. In the next competition—the job market and graduate school—the results may change. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of famous universities didn’t.

So, parents, take it easy（lighten up）. The stakes (利害關(guān)系) have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.

1. Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars?

         A. They have the final say in which university their children are to attend.

         B. They know best which universities are most suitable for their children.

         C. They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application.

         D. They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves.

2. Why do parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever?

         A. They want to increase their children’s chances of entering a prestigious college.

         B. They hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships.

         C. Their children will have a wider choice of which college to go to.

         D. Elite universities now enroll fewer student than they used to.

3. What does the author mean by “kids count more than their colleges” Line1, para.4?

         A. Continuing education is more important to a person’s success.

         B. A person’s happiness should be valued more than their education.

         C. Kids’ actual abilities are more important than their college background.

         D. What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements.

4. What does Krueger’s study tell us?

         A. Getting into Ph.D. programs may be more competitive than getting into college.

         B. Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs.

         C. Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores.

         D. Connections built in prestigious universities may be kept long after graduation.

5. One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that______

         A. they earn less than their peers from other institutions　　

         B. they turn out to be less competitive in the job market

         C. they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation　

         D. they overemphasize their qualifications in job application

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：20102011福建省福州八縣（市）協(xié)作校高二下期末聯(lián)考英語試題 題型：閱讀理解

 On March 5, 2009, Michael Jackson stood in front of crowds of fans．Before screaming fans, he pronounced with pumping arms: "This is it!"

         A few months later, Jackson was dead．With the late pop star’s return to radio, television and the cultural events, Forbes judges that Jackson has made $90 million since his death June 25．This figure is based on his royalties（版稅） from album sales, radio play, rights to his name and royalties from his stock in the Sony/ATV music catalog （編目權(quán)）．

         Jackson's music was his most easily-seen source in the last months．“Nothing increases the value of an artist than death ．．．a(chǎn)n untimely death,” says Barry Massarsky, a music industry economist．

         The music's immediate value was clear．Since June, Jackson has sold more than 5．9 million albums in the U．S．a(chǎn)nd another 4．5 million overseas．In the first weeks after his death, there were 5．6 million single downloads across North America, Europe and Australia．Jackson recently has three of the top 20 best-selling albums of the year in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan．His 2003 hits album Number Ones is the best seller of the year, beating Taylor Swift's Fearless．

         More than 500,000 Jackson ringtones and 100,000 music videos were sold．In the week following his death, songs by The Jackson 5, The Jacksons and Michael were played over 100,000 times on the radio, according to Nielsen BDS．

         Jackson's estate（遺產(chǎn)）will likely see more money by the end of this year, as it has rights to some of the profits from This Is It as well as the two-disc album of the same name．The estate will share 90% of the film profits with AEG．

         Ticket sales from an exhibit opening in London will also contribute a likely profit．Hundreds of Jackson's personal belongings－h(huán)is L．A．Rolls Royce etc－will remain on show for three months at the O2 Arena for fans willing to shell out $25 for a view．

         The pop singer bought ATV Publishing, for $47．5 million in 1985．Ten years later, he sold the catalog to Sony for $95 million and took a 50% stock in Sony/ATV, which is now worth about $1．7 to $2 billion．So he still owned half the Sony/ATV catalog at his death．

         Jackson's future earning potential is based on his stock in valuable music as well as the value of his image（肖像）．As many musicians, actors and artists before him, Jackson's fame could have a long tail on the market with allowable products, advertising and entertainment events．

1.What do Barry Massarsky’s words in Paragraph 3 imply?

         A．Jackson died at the time as expected．

         B．Only at death can an artist become famous．

         C．Jackson became more famous at death than when he was alive．

         D．Jackson’s unexpected death raised his value as an artist immediately．

2.All the following is true EXCEPT that _____．

         A．“This is it” is the last concert that Jackson gave

         B．Jackson has sold 10．4 million albums since June

         C．Jackson’s L．A．Rolls Royce is now for show and will finally be sold

         D．Jackson’s stock in music and his image will keep on earning money in the future

3.What can be inferred from the passage?

         A．Jackson’s album Number Ones beat Taylor Swift’s Fearless in 2003．

         B．Taylor Swift’s Fearless is the second best seller of music albums of 2009．

         C．AEG takes in more film profits from “This is it” than Jackson’s estate．

         D．More Jackson’s music videos were sold than his ringtones right after his death．

4.What is the main idea of the passage?

         A．Why Michael Jackson’s music is so popular all over the world．

         B．How Michael Jackson has earned $90 million in the months since his death．

         C．What Michael Jackson's future earning potential is based on．

         D．How much Michael Jackson earned in the first few months after his death．

 

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Every time an election rolls around，people want to know what each candidate’s stance(立場)is on the issue that are important to them.In deciding which candidate 1 want to vote for, there are two main issues for me：the economy and education.
These issues are important to me because they affect me the most right now.The economy affects everyone，and education is important because t am about to enter college. When I looked at how each candidate views these issues，one man stood out to me，and that is Demoeratic candidate Barack Obama.
I like a11 of Senator Obama’s ideas for improving the economy.He wants to bring the troops home from Iraq，thereby saving the $12 billion we spend there every month.Anotller point that Obama makes is that the United States’current energy policy is hurting the econmny.He believes thal if new energy bills are passed，it will help tile U.S.  get out of its currenr economic slump，and I agree.With these ideas and strategies，I slrongly believe that Obama can improve the current state of the economy.
Obama also has a plan to improve education.He believes that we need to start educating children at a young age.He also hopes to close the gap of achievement between students,which means improving schools that need help.He wants to pay teachers more and treat them like professionals，but in exchange he calls for higher responsibility.
Obama also has a plan to make college more affordable.He wants public colleges to be free for students who maintain a”B”average during high school.And he plans to give a $4，000 tax credit for college and university students who complete 100 hours of community service each year·I belleve these ideas to improve education are good enough and will help many students.
Therefore，there is no longer any doubt in my mind who will be receiving my vote：Barack Obama.

  1. 1.

    According to the passage，if a candidate wants to win the election he must        

    1. A.
      care more about the education in the U.S.
    2. B.
      issue plans trying to satisfy everyone
    3. C.
      make college more affordable
    4. D.
      narrow the gap of achievement between students
  2. 2.

    We may learn from the passage that the author is a(n)             .

    1. A.
      college student   
    2. B.
      economist     
    3. C.
      senior high student   
    4. D.
      candidate
  3. 3.

    What interests the author most in Obama’s stance is         .

    1. A.
      economy and education              
    2. B.
      the military and education
    3. C.
      foreign affairs and education          
    4. D.
      the military and economy
  4. 4.

    Which of the following are among Obama’s promises?
    a.to bring troops home from Iraq             b.to reduce income tax
    c.to start early education                    d.to develop American economy
    e.to offer free college education for all         f.to pass new energy bills

    1. A.
      a，b，c，d，e，f   
    2. B.
      a，b，c，d，e    
    3. C.
      a，c，d，f    
    4. D.
      c，d，e，f
  5. 5.

    What’s the main idea of the passage?

    1. A.
      American economy should develop quickly
    2. B.
      Obama’s new life as president
    3. C.
      How to win an election
    4. D.
      Why I vote for Obama

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