In formal paragraphs you will sometimes see a sentence at the end of the paragraph which summarizes the information that has been presented．This is the concluding sentence．The concluding sentence is similar to the topic sentence．They are both general sentences．The concluding sentence can be written in two ways：
1．State the topic sentence in different words．
2．Summarize the main points in the paragraph．
You can understand concluding sentences with this example．Consider a hamburger that you can buy at a fast—food restaurant．A hamburger has a top bun，meat，cheese，lettuce（生菜），and other elements in the middle of the hamburger，and a bottom bun．Note how the top bun and the bottom bun are very similar．The top bun，in a way，is like a topic sentence，and the bottom bun is like the concluding sentence．Both buns “hold” the meat，onions，and so on．Similarly，the topic sentence and concluding sentence “hold” the supporting sentences in the paragraph．Let’s see how a concluding sentence might look in our sample paragraph about Wheaton：
My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features．First，it is noted for the Wheaton River，which is very wide and beautiful．Also，on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill，which is unusual because it is very steep．The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree．This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old．These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place．
Notice how the concluding sentence，“these three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place”，summarizes the information in the paragraph．Notice also how the concluding sentence is similar to，but not exactly the same as，the topic sentence．
Usually，we begin a concluding sentence with “in conclusion’’ or “in summary”．Remember，not all paragraphs contain concluding sentences，especially if the paragraph is very short．However，if your paragraph is very long，it is a good idea to use a concluding sentence．
65．What does the author mainly intend to tell us in this passage？
A．How to write a concluding sentence．
B．What the top bun and the bottom bun are like．
C．Why his hometown is a famous place．
D．To use a concluding sentence in our writing．
66．Why does the author write about a hamburger？
A．Because he can buy a hamburger at a fast—food restaurant．
B．Because a hamburger has a top bun and a bottom bun．
C．Because the top bun and the bottom bun are very similar．
D．Because he wants to explain his main idea in another way．
67．The underlined word “noted” probably means“ ”
A．written down B．famous C．noticed D．recorded
68．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the passage？
A．A sentence at the end of a paragraph is the concluding sentence．
B．All paragraphs contain concluding sentence．
C．It is a good idea to use a concluding sentence in a long paragraph．
D．The concluding sentence is the same as the to pic sentence．
69．The underlined phrase “These three landmarks” here refers to ．
A．the Wheaton River，Wheaton Hill and my hometown
B．natural features，the Wheaton River and the Wheaton Hill
C．the Wheaton River，Wheaton Hill and the Big Old Tree
D．my hometown，Wheaton Hill and the Big Old Tree
科目：高中英語 來源：2010年黑龍江省大慶實驗中學高二上學期期中考試英語卷 題型：閱讀理解
Almost all cultures celebrate the end of one year and the beginning of another in some way. Different cultures celebrate the beginning of a new year in different ways, and at different times on the calendar.
In western countries, people usually celebrate New Year at midnight on January 1st. People may go to parties, dress in formal clothes—like tuxedos(小禮服)and evening gowns, and drink champagne at midnight. During the first minutes of the New Year, people cheer and wish each other happiness for the year ahead. But some cultures prefer to celebrate the New Year by waking up early to watch the sun rise. They welcome the New Year with the first light of the sunrise.
It is also a common Western custom to make a New Year’s promise, called a resolution. New Year’s resolutions usually include promises to try something new or change a bad habit in the new year.
Many cultures also do special things to get rid of bad luck at the beginning of a new year. For example, in Ecuador, families make a big doll from old clothes. The doll is filled with old newspapers and firecrackers. At midnight, these dolls are burned to show the bad things from the past year are gone and the new year can start afresh (again). Other common traditions to keep away bad luck in a new year include throwing things into rivers or the ocean, or saying special things on the first day o
f the new year.
Other New Year traditions are followed to bring good luck is to eat grapes on New Year’s Day. The more grapes a person eats, the more good luck the person will have in the year. In France, people eat pancakes for good luck at New
Year. In the United States, some people eat black– eyed peas(豇豆)for good luck——but to get good luck for a whole year you have to eat 365 of them!
【小題1】Which culture celebrates New Year in the morning?
| A．The United States. | B．Spain. |
| C．France. | D．The passage doesn’t say. |
| A．Something you burn. | B．Something you eat. |
| C．Something you say. | D．Something you wear. |
| A．Bringing good luck. | B．Keeping away bad luck. |
| C．Planning for the next year. | D．Remembering the past. |
| A．Black-eyed peas taste bad. | B．The peas are very difficult to cook. |
| C．One pea brings one day of luck. | D．It is bad luck to eat a lot of black-eyed peas. |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年河北省東光縣第一中學高二上學期期中考試英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A woman’s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don’t smile enough. In Southeast Asian cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.
Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressiveness permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.
It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural backgrounds in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.
【小題1】What does the smile usually mean in the U.S.?
| A．Love | B．Politeness | C．Joy | D．Thankfulness |
| A．show friendliness to strangers |
| B．be used to hide true feelings |
| C．be used in the wrong places |
| D．show personal habits |
| A．Learn about their relations with others |
| B．Understand their cultural backgrounds |
| C．Find out about their past experience |
| D．Figure out what they will do next |
| A．Cultural Differences |
| B．Smiles and Relationships |
| C．Facial Expressiveness |
| D．Habits and Emotions |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2015屆山東省高一12月學情調(diào)查英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Of course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that’s only superficial. Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough. The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares. If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you’re in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.
The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup then will be served (unless in Guangdong style restaurants) to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings. If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.
Perhaps one of the things that surprise a western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests. In formal dinners, there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. It is always polite to eat the food. If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.
People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed. When you have had enough, just say so. Or you will always overeat!
1.What’s the main difference on dinner table between China and West is ___________.
A．On Chinese dinner table, chopsticks replace knife and fork.
B．The host will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.
C．You’re treated to a formal dinner for the first time.
D．You have your own plate of food in West while in China everyone shares the dishes.
2.If you have a dinner in a Chinese home, in which order will the food be served in China?
a. a set of four cold dishes.
b. staple food such as rice, noodle or dumplings.
c. the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes.
d. serving soup.
A．a(chǎn)cbd B．cabd C．a(chǎn)cdb D．cadb
3.According to the passage, we can infer that ___________.
A．Chinese all think it impolite for guests to ask for a pair of knife and fork.
B．Chinese think it impolite for guests to leave food in the plate.
C．People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed.
D．Chinese think it polite to put food into the plated of the guests with their own chopsticks.
4.The sentence, in passage 2, “you should say so in good time” means ______________.
A．you should say so happily
B．you’d better say so
C．you should say so early
D．you should say so kindly.
5.The “public chopsticks and spoons” are used to ______.
A．show the politeness to the guests.
B．put food into the plates of their guests
C．share the food together
D．show the genuine friendship and politeness
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學江蘇省年高一上學期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Few people realize that there is a big difference between formal English and informal English. Formal English is used for most writing, and often in public speaking and formal meetings. It pays close attention to grammar rules, because if we use proper grammar, our meaning is often more precise. Also, on important occasions, we do not want to appear uneducated or to offend (冒犯) others, so we are very careful about how we speak. Informal English is used in speaking or writing to our friends and family. It often does not pay such close attention to grammar rules, because when we speak or write to them, we want our words to flow quickly. Also, with our friends and family, we are usually not so worried about appearing uneducated or about offending them by how we write or speak.
A big difference between formal and informal English is the use of contractions. A contraction is where we make a word shorter or where we put two words together and take away some of the letters. For example, instead of saying “do not”, many people say “don’t”. Using contractions in our speech is fine because it sounds natural, especially when we speak to our friends. In formal writing, however, contractions are usually avoided because people might think that you have made a mistake, or that you do not know proper grammar.
In the same way we might make words shorter, in informal English we often make sentences shorter as well. For example, if someone asks you your name, you will likely answer with one word: your first name. However, in formal English we usually use complete sentences. For example, we might write “My name is John”. In most speaking, we may not need to use every word in a sentence because the person we are speaking to will probably still understand us. In most writing, however, every word in a sentence must be written out in order to make sure that we can be understood.
1.When we use formal English, _______.
A．we will offend others
B．we will appear educated on important occasions
C．we needn’t pay more attention to grammar rules
D．we can express ourselves more directly and more quickly
2.What’s the meaning of the underlined word “precise”?
A．clear B．direct C．puzzling D．simple
3.Contractions are best used when we are _______.
A．speaking at a formal meeting B．speaking in public
C．speaking to our friends D．writing an application (申請) letter
4.In speaking, we do not always use complete sentences because ______.
A．we do not care about grammar B．we do not want to sound stupid
C．we can still be understood D．we don’t want to waste time
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年山東省濟寧市高二上學期期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
AAAGH! The Generation 90s is coming!
Wearing earphones, using complex Net language and constantly text messaging friends, the Gen-90s following the Gen-80s begin to make their world debut （初次登臺）．
Each generation or age group has its own symbols and lifestyle．Read on and judge for yourselves if you fit the Gen-90s group．
Earphones
These little devices seem to grow on the heads of the Gen-90s．They might lead to MP3, MP4 or MP101 players, giving these young people a plugged-in, cool and perhaps self-addicted look, of course, life is not always music to the ears．
Martian language
They have created their own code-like online language．It’s a mixture of English, Japanese and Chinese that perhaps only Martians can understand．This is an imaginative generation, though they need to be careful to keep it out of their term papers．
Self-Portrait
Saying “cheese” to their own digital cameras is usual for this generation．A little bit of narcissism （自戀） never hurts anyone．It helps them reflect a little on their own lives．But be aware of the risks of posting private photos online．
Text-messaging
They can type their mobile phones as fast as they can speak．This is a generation that respects efficiency．However, oral communication is important and will never go out of style．
1.According to the text, the writer will choose ______ as a good example to the Gen-90．
|
A．Li Hua likes music and always wearing ipod |
|
B．Zhang Chao is not only an imaginative boy but do everything efficiently． |
|
C．Lily is a shy girl and she doesn’t like making friends． |
|
D．Fangfang likes being taken photos and often posting them on line． |
2.According to this passage, which is FALSE?
|
A．Not all teens are cautious about posting photos． |
|
B．They type their mobile phones so fast that it can catch the speed of speaking． |
|
C．The Gen-90s have a preference for some music players, and even regard them as a necessary part of life． |
|
D．They don’t use the cool and complex online language in formal writing． |
3.The main idea of the passage is about________．
|
A．the Gen-90s’ happy life |
|
B．the difference between the Gen-80s and the Gen-90s |
|
C．the Gen-90s’ unique lifestyle and some practical warnings |
|
D．the similarities between the Gen-80s and the Gen-90s |
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