D
The decision to enter F1 and compete at the highest level of motorsport was an intended move by Toyota, the world’s third largest auto manufacturer ,to further challenge its own capabilities. By going head-to-head with the industry’s top performers on the world’s premier racing stage ,the Japanese giant was setting itself a huge task. A sport with an enormous international following, the risks of entering the F1 arena are high—but there are rich rewards for those who succeed .Besides being a showcase for state-of-the-art technology, the intense competition in this most demanding of racing disciplines leaves no room for self-satisfaction. More importantly, it fosters（培養(yǎng)）the kind of forward-thinking team spirit that Toyota is seeking.
While F1 benefited greatly from the added prestige of having such a distinguished newcomer among its competitors ,the demands placed on Panasonic Toyota Racing last year revealed the shortcomings of not having enough experience as a team .Mistakes were made and valuable lessons were learned ,among which was the fundamental truth: “To stand still in F1 is to go backwards.”
With the past in mind ,preparations for the 2003 season included sweeping changes on both the technical and personnel（人事的）sides. The management at Toyota Motorsport GmbH was restructured , with John Howett moving from Toyota Motor Marketing Europe to become President ,thus enabling the company founder , Ove Andersson ,more time to concentrate on the operation of the race team at the track .Andersson’s value as an inspirational leader was one of the team’s biggest assets（財(cái)富）in 2002.
68．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．To go backwards ,Toyota has to stand still.
B．If Toyota doesn’t make improvements ,they will fall behind.
C．Keeping calm will help go forward.
D．In order to keep up with other teams ,Toyota has to stand still.
69．We can learn from the passage that    .
A．Toyota entered F1 to enlarge its market.
B．Entering F1 is low risk but rich rewarding.
C．Toyota team has always been experienced.
D．Toyota made good preparations for the 2003 season.
70．What will the next paragraph talk about if the passage goes on?
A．Preparations for the 2003 season.
B．The value of Ove Andersson.
C．How to improve the European market.
D．Changes on technical side.


【小題1】B
【小題2】D
【小題3】D

解析

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：江西省九江市修水一中2012屆高三第五次考試英語(yǔ)試題 題型：050

閱讀理解

　　Bonus(獎(jiǎng)金)culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays．Many people have been angered by the way some bankers and high officials seem to have been rewarded for failure．Others find the idea of offering many-million-dollar bonuses morally disgusting．

　　But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance．The answer seems so obvious that even to ask the question can appear ridiculous．Indeed, in spite of all the complaints about them, financial encouragements continue to be introduced in more and more areas, from healthcare and public services to teaching and universities．

　　So it may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform．

　　No one is arguing that bonuses can help companies and institutions attract and keep the best staff．Nor does anyone argue against the idea that you can encourage people to do specific tasks by linking payments to those tasks．Rather, the point is about how to get the best out of people．Do employees really perform better if you promise to pay them more for getting results?

　　There are some obvious reasons why such payments can fail．It has been argued, for instance, that cash bonuses contributed to the financial crash, because traders had little enthusiasm to make sure that their companies enjoyed long-term survival．

　　Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Malcolm Higgs．He thinks the reason is that organizations try to keep bonus arrangements simple．Nevertheless, he thinks bonus projects can work as long as they link the interests of individual employees with the long-term goals of a business．

　　Bonuses can also encourage cheating．“Once you start making people’s rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes,” says Professor Edward Deci．“In many cases the high officials simply lied and cheated to make the stock(股票)price go up so they got huge bonuses．”

　　But the work of Deci and others suggests the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating．In 1971, he asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing．Deci found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid．

　　These studies suggest that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it．This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes”(賄賂)leads to low-quality work in the long run．

　　Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure－wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, Kohn says．“It’s not just that these two are different, it’s often that the more you reward people for doing something, the more their inner drive tends to decline．”

　　A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says．People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds．What’s more, the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility．

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The effect of performance-related bonuses has not been well studied because people _________．

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take the function of bonuses for granted

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see that bonus offering is done everywhere

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think financial encouragement is disgusting

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are shocked by the practice of rewarding for failures

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According to Malcolm Higgs, designs that _________ are the good ones．

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A．

drive people to finish short-term tasks

B．

help to attract and keep good employees

C．

link financial rewards with the quality of the outcomes

D．

connect individual interests with long-term business goals

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If a person plays safe to get a bonus, he is probably being _________．

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A．

more enthusiastic

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more risk-taking

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less daring

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less responsible

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Which of the following do you think the author would most probably agree with?

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Companies should make their bonus projects simple．

B．

The benefit of bonus helps to get the best out of people．

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The biggest problem with bonus is it creates cheating．

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Bonus offering can stop people doing things for pure joy．

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Which do you think is the best title of the passage?

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What Is Bonus?

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Does Bonus Work?

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：浙江省2012屆高三調(diào)研考試英語(yǔ)試題 題型：050

閱讀理解

　　Bonus(獎(jiǎng)金)culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays．Many people have been angered by the way some bankers and high officials seem to have been rewarded for failure．Others find the idea of offering many-million-dollar bonuses morally disgusting．

　　But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance．The answer seems so obvious that even to ask the question can appear ridiculous．Indeed, in spite of all the complaints about them, financial encouragements continue to be introduced in more and more areas, from healthcare and public services to teaching and universities．

　　So it may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform．

　　No one is arguing that bonuses can help companies and institutions attract and keep the best staff．Nor does anyone argue against the idea that you can encourage people to do specific tasks by linking payments to those tasks．Rather, the point is about how to get the best out of people．Do employees really perform better if you promise to pay them more for getting results?

　　There are some obvious reasons why such payments can fail．It has been argued, for instance, that cash bonuses contributed to the financial crash, because traders had little enthusiasm to make sure that their companies enjoyed long-term survival．

　　Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Malcolm Higgs．He thinks the reason is that organisations try to keep bonus arrangements simple．Nevertheless, he thinks bonus projects can work as long as they link the interests of individual employees with the long-term goals of a business．

　　Bonuses can also encourage cheating．“Once you start making people's rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviours, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes,” says Professor Edward Deci．“In many cases the high officials simply lied and cheated to make the stock(股票)price go up so they got huge bonuses．”

　　But the work of Deci and others suggests the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating．In 1971, he asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing．Deci found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid．

　　These studies suggest that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it．This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes”(賄賂)leads to low-quality work in the long run．

　　Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure－wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, Kohn says．“It's not just that these two are different, it's often that the more you reward people for doing something, the more their inner drive tends to decline．”

　　A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says．People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds．What's more, the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility．

(1)

The effect of performance-related bonuses has not been well studied because people ________．

[　　]

A．

take the function of bonuses for granted

B．

see that bonus offering is done everywhere

C．

think financial encouragement is disgusting

D．

are shocked by the practice of rewarding for failures

(2)

According to Malcolm Higgs, designs that ________ are the good ones．

[　　]

A．

drive people to finish short-term tasks

B．

help to attract and keep good employees

C．

link financial rewards with the quality of the outcomes

D．

connect individual interests with long-term business goals

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If a person plays safe to get a bonus, he is probably being ________．

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A．

more enthusiastic

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more risk-taking

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less daring

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Which of the following do you think the author would most probably agree with?

[　　]

A．

Companies should make their bonus projects simple．

B．

The benefit of bonus helps to get the best out of people．

C．

The biggest problem with bonus is it creates cheating．

D．

Bonus offering can stop people doing things for pure joy．

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Which do you think is the best title of the passage?

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What Is Bonus?

B．

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Bonus（獎(jiǎng)金） culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays. Many people have been angered by the way some bankers and high officials seem to have been rewarded for failure. Others find the idea of offering many-million-dollar bonuses morally disgusting.

But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance. The answer seems so obvious that even to ask the question can appear ridiculous. Indeed, in spite of all the complaints about them, financial encouragements continue to be introduced in more and more areas, from healthcare and public services to teaching and universities.

So it may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform.

No one is arguing that bonuses can help companies and institutions attract and keep the best staff. Nor does anyone argue against the idea that you can encourage people to do specific tasks by linking payments to those tasks. Rather, the point is about how to get the best out of people. Do employees really perform better if you promise to pay them more for getting results?

There are some obvious reasons why such payments can fail. It has been argued, for instance, that cash bonuses contributed to the financial crash, because traders had little enthusiasm to make sure that their companies enjoyed long-term survival.

Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Malcolm Higgs. He thinks the reason is that organizations try to keep bonus arrangements simple. Nevertheless, he thinks bonus projects can work as long as they link the interests of individual employees with the long-term goals of a business.

Bonuses can also encourage cheating. “Once you start making people’s rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes,” says Professor Edward Deci. “In many cases the high officials simply lied and cheated to make the stock (股票) price go up so they got huge bonuses.”

But the work of Deci and others suggests the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating. In 1971, he asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. Deci found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid.

These studies suggest that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes” (賄賂) leads to low-quality work in the long run.

Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure — wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, Kohn says. “It’s not just that these two are different, it’s often that the more you reward people for doing something, the more their inner drive tends to decline.”

A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says. People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds. What’s more, the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.

71. The effect of performance-related bonuses has not been well studied because people _______.

A. take the function of bonuses for granted

B. see that bonus offering is done everywhere

C. think financial encouragement is disgusting

D. are shocked by the practice of rewarding for failures

72. According to Malcolm Higgs, designs that _________ are the good ones.

A. drive people to finish short-term tasks

B. help to attract and keep good employees

C. link financial rewards with the quality of the outcomes

D. connect individual interests with long-term business goals

73. If a person plays safe to get a bonus, he is probably being ________.

A. more enthusiastic                   B. more risk-taking

C. less daring                              D. less responsible

74. Which of the following do you think the author would most probably agree with?

A. Companies should make their bonus projects simple.

B. The benefit of bonus helps to get the best out of people.

C. The biggest problem with bonus is it creates cheating.

D. Bonus offering can stop people doing things for pure joy.

75. Which do you think is the best title of the passage?

A. What Is Bonus?                           B. Does Bonus Work?

C. Why Bonus Offered?                   D. How Bonus Works?

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