Question

【題目】Observational Learning: To See Is to Know

A group of psychologists, led by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory, which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context. This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning. Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures. By watching others, we learn how to greet people, eat, laugh and tell jokes. Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one? By watching others, you learned how people talked to each other, what clothes were “fashionable,” and how to interact with instructors.

With modeling, you observe others’ behavior, and then none, some, or all of the behavior may be learned and repeated, or modified. In one of Bandura’s classic studies, children were divided into three groups: One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll, one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll, and the third didn’t see an adult at all. After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys, but not being allowed to play with some of them, all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll (and inventing new ways to abuse it).

Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective. Not surprisingly, the more you pay attention to the model, the more you learn. You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful. Second, by watching others, we learn about what behavior is appropriate for people like ourselves, so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated. All students need to see successful, capable models who look and sound like them.

Then, as teachers, how can you apply observational learning? Here are a few guidelines. Above all, model the behavior and attitudes you desire your students to learn. For example, show enthusiasm for the subject you teach. Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform. Second, use peers, especially class leaders, as models. For example, in group work, pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties. Third, you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behavior. Examples include letting high-status students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first.

Observational Learning: To See Is to Know
【1】__________ and application of observational learning	Observational learning is learning that occurs through 【2】 ________ and imitation of others.
	Observational learning helps people learn how to behave 【3】_______ in their families and cultures.
Models and their 【4】_________	Models are the people who present behavior for you to imitate.
	Bandura’s study shows that if children observe an adult beating up a doll, they will become 【5】 __________.
Characteristics of models that make observational learning more effective.	Children are more 【6】__________ to imitate models who are experts, good looking, powerful and have high status.
	Models 【7】_________ to ourselves promote observational learning.
How to use observational learning in【8】________	Modeling the【9】 ________ behaviors and attitudes is an important approach.
	Using peers, especially class leaders, as models is another method.
	【10】_________ the help of class leaders in modeling behavior is also a good choice.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】Definition/ Concept/ Meaning

【2】observation

【3】properly/ appropriately/ well

【4】influences

【5】aggressive/ violent/ rude

【6】likely

【7】similar

【8】teaching/ education/ instruction

【9】desired/ expected/ target

【10】Seeking

【解析】

試題分析：文章主要介紹了班杜拉的社會學(xué)習(xí)理論--觀察學(xué)習(xí)，以及如何把觀察學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用到教學(xué)中。做題時(shí)，需要根據(jù)表格中的問題，在文中找到有關(guān)語句，然后利用語法和句法知識，把需要填的詞或短語進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)淖冃巍?/span>

【1】This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning.通過觀察和模仿他人的行為而實(shí)現(xiàn)的學(xué)習(xí)叫觀察學(xué)習(xí)，這是觀察學(xué)習(xí)的定義，故填Definition/ Concept/ Meaning。

【2】根據(jù)第三行“from observing and imitating the behavior...”可知，這里指的是通過觀察和模仿，因?yàn)?/span>imitation是名詞，因此，用observation與其并列，故填observation。

【3】根據(jù)“Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures.”可知，觀察學(xué)習(xí)幫助人們獲得適當(dāng)?shù)男袨椋�這里需要用副詞來修飾動(dòng)詞behave，故填properly/ appropriately/ well。

【4】根據(jù)“With modeling, you observe others’ behavior, and then none, some, or all of the behavior may be learned and repeated, or modified.”可知，通過觀察榜樣的行為，人們會學(xué)會、重復(fù)或修正他們的一些或全部行為，這里講的是榜樣的影響，故填influences。

【5】根據(jù)“One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll...Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll”可知，觀察成年人毆打玩偶的一組孩子，他們傾向于模仿成年人的行為，即毆打玩偶，即孩子會變得有暴力傾向，故填aggressive/ violent/ rude。

【6】根據(jù)“You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful.”可知，如果榜樣是專家，榜樣相貌好，或是社會地位高，或者有權(quán)力，人們就會更有可能模仿他們的行為，故填likely。

【7】根據(jù)“so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated”可知，與自身?xiàng)l件類似的榜樣的行為更容易被模仿，故填similar。

【8】根據(jù)“as teachers, how can you apply observational learning?”可知，這里講的是如何在教學(xué)中應(yīng)用觀察學(xué)習(xí)，故填teaching/ education/ instruction。

【9】根據(jù)“model the behavior and attitudes you desire your students to learn”可知，塑造你想讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的行為或態(tài)度是很重要的，behavior and attitudes和desire是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用過去分詞作定語，故填desired/ expected/ target。

【10】根據(jù)“you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behavior”可知，可以向班級帶頭人尋求幫助，故填Seeking。