Question

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16^th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18^th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫學(xué)家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
【小題1】The kings of France and England in the 16^th century closed bath houses because      .

A．they lived healthily in a dirty environment

B．they thought bath houses were to dirty to stay in

C．they believed disease could be spread in public baths

D．they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease

【小題2】Which of the following best describes Henry IV’s attitude to bathing?________.

A．Afraid

B．Curious

C．Approving

D．Uninterested

【小題3】The underlined sentence in paragraph one is closest in meaning to __________.

A．Attitudes to dirt are different in different times

B．Nothing is fixed for the attitudes to dirt

C．Attitudes to dirt never change

D．There isn’t anything fixed for attitudes to dirt

【小題4】 How does the passage mainly develop?____________.

A．By providing examples	B．By making comparisons
C．By following the order of time	D．By following the order of importance

【小題5】What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?___________.

A．To stress the role of dirt

B．To introduce the history of dirt

C．To call attention to the danger of dirt

D．To present the change of views on dirt

Answer 1

【小題1】C
【小題2】A
【小題3】A
【小題4】C
【小題5】D

解析【小題1】細(xì)節(jié)題,從第二段的as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.可知他們認(rèn)為公共浴室會(huì)傳染疾病。選 C。
【小題2】細(xì)節(jié)推理題，從第二段的Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.說明他很害怕洗澡。選A。
【小題3】猜測(cè)句意：there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.這里fix是確定的意思，在根據(jù)全文對(duì)灰塵的態(tài)度是在變的，所以選A。
【小題4】歸納題：從文章提到的幾個(gè)時(shí)間：In the early 16^th century /By 1538 /since the 18^th century可以看出這篇文章是以時(shí)間順序?qū)懙摹�C
【小題5】主旨題，根據(jù)全篇文章和最后一段：Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.可見作者寫作目的是想陳述對(duì)灰塵的不同的觀點(diǎn)， D是正確的。