Research shows that humans switch from selfish to unselfish behavior when they are watched. Do you?
A picture of a set of eyes on a computer screen can cause a change in the way people act. Even images of eyes on a charity donation, collection box encourage people to be unselfish, because people put more money in a
collection box that has a picture of eyes on it than they do when a flower symbol is on the box.
Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the University of Berlin, the authors of a new study, found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they will be rewarded for good behavior. Their report also referred to other research showing that this response of behaving well when watched is somehow coded into humans and people respond this way unconsciously, or without realizing it.
It is not just humans that act unselfishly when they are being watched. A fish called the grooming fish cleans other fish. When other fish are around, it is gentler. When no other fish are around, however, the grooming fish bites chunks from the fish it is supposed to be cleaning.
The researchers suggest that the best way to get people to behave in the correct way is to make them feel watched. This could be the reason for the success of a famous American army poster. On it was a picture of an elderly man staring fiercely and pointing, it appeared, to the person who was looking at the poster. Under the picture was the caption 'I Want You' It encouraged hundreds of thousands of young American men to join the army during the Second World War to fight the Germans and Japanese.
小題1:.
According to the report, why does a person behave better when he feels he is being watched?
   
A．He does not want to be shamed by others.
B．He needs to show he is a good person.
C．He desires others to like him more.
D．He feels he will receive some social reward.
小題2:.
．What is the text mainly about?
A．It describes changed behavior when observed.
B．It details ways to control people's behavior.
C．It tells how to make people work harder.
D．It discusses different advertising methods.
小題3:.
According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
A．People pretend to behave better when they are watched.
B．Fish bite other fish in a fish tank when they are alone.C．People donate more money when they feel they are watched.
D．Soldiers fought better during World War II because of a poster.
小題4:.
．Where would the study described in the text most likely be found?
A．In a newspaper.B．In a scientific journal.
C．In an advertising magazine.D．In a science textbook.

小題1:.D
小題1:.A
小題1:.C
小題1:.B
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Plastics are considered one of the most serious pollutants causing environmental problems. The garbage containing plastics end up in the waterways that eventually flow into the oceans. Accumulation (聚集)of plastic in the ocean endangers marine life and pollutes the water.
Does a plastic continent exist? Yes, a plastic continent does exist and was discovered by Captain Charles Moore a decade ago. The plastic continent is twice the size of Britain and it is the region between the Hawaii Islands and California in the central Pacific Ocean.
One of the causes of the lack of marine life in this region is due to pollution and pollutants are none other than plastics. Captain Charles Moore believes plastic waste started accumulating in the 1950s.
The plastic continent is the man-made continent of floating plastic waste. The fisher men and the sailors have avoided this region for years. The reasons are:
1. There are no fish here because of the lack of nutrients.
2. The zone also lacks the wind that is essential for sailing.
To do research on the ocean pollution, Captain Moore founded Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Other organizations such as Greenpeace supported his cause. The reports of The United Nations Environment Program show that millions of seabirds and marine animals are dying due to the invasion(入侵)of plastics. The waste plastics can be recycled, but in fact they are being thrown into the oceans. The marine animals mistake these for food and eat them. This leads to their death that affects the marine food chain.
To save the oceans from the plastic continent you need to reduce the use of plastics, reuse plastic bags and recycle plastics.
小題1: What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A．A plastic continent does exist in the Pacific Ocean
B．Endangered marine life is well protected.
C．Plastics are one of the main causes of water pollution.
D．Plastics should be forbidden in people’s daily life.
小題2: What is the direct influence of the plastic continent?
A．Local fishermen have to fish in other areas.
B．The water becomes shallow and fish have to move away.
C．The wind is too strong there and it makes sailing more difficult.
D．It makes people realize the importance of protecting the environment.
小題3: It is implied that the work of plastic recycling proves to be ______.
A．effectiveB．expensiveC．a(chǎn) difficult taskD．not good enough
小題4:What can we learn from the passage?
A．Many marine animals are dying due to the broken marine food chain.
B．Captain Moore founded Greenpeace to do research on the ocean pollution.
C．The marine animals have no choice but to eat plastics for lack of food.
D．There are three ways to prevent the oceans from becoming a plastic continent.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

閱讀下列短文，從每小題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和 D）中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。




A
Book 1 : Brack Obama
Grades: 3-5
Our Price: $ 8.95
His mother came from Kansas. His father came from Kenya. He grew up in Hawaii and Indonesia, far from the center of American politics. Few people had even heard of Brack Obama before 2004. Bt one powerful speech in Boston changed all that for the Illinois senator(參議員). In 2008, this inspiring leader ran for the country’s top job, President.
Book 2: Danica Patrick
Grades:  3-5
Our Price: $ 8.95
Growing up, Danica Patrick dreamed of racing in the Indianapolis 500. In 2005, her dream came true. Danica finished the race in fourth place, the best ever result by a woman. Three years later, she became the first female to win an IndyCar race. As a woman competing in a sport dominated by men, Danica faced many obstacles. But she never stopped believing in herself, no matter what the difficulties.
Book 3: Ellen Ochoa
Grades: 3-5
Our Price: $ 8.95
Some people dream of becoming stars. Ellen Ochoa dreamed of living among them! She worked hard to make her dream of becoming an astronaut come true. On April 8, 1993, she strapped (用帶子系好)herself in for the ride of her life aboard the space shuttle Discovery. Ochoa aimed high and boldly went where no Hispanic woman had gone before. Find out about Ochoa’s amazing journey in her own words and photos from her personal collection!
Book 4: LeBron James
Grades:  3-5
Our Price: $ 8.95
Fans, teammates, and opponents know him as King James. Many people consider LeBron James to be the most talented basketball Player of his generation. But there is much more to his story. He overcame hard times as a kid and rose to national fame as a teenager. He then jumped right from high school to the pros.  Along the way, LeBron never lost sight of where he came from or who he is.
小題1:.
What do the four books have in common according to the passage?
A．Their prices are the same and they are all about famous leaders.
B．They are all about Africans and their contributions to society.
C．They are written for the same grades and their prices are the same.
D．They are for the same readers and printed by the same publisher.
小題2:.
Emma is dreaming of being a car racer. Who can be an example to her?
A．Brack ObamaB． Danica PatrickC．Ellen OchoaD．LeBron James
小題3:.
If John wants to learn something about becoming a basketball player, which book should he read?
A．Brack ObamaB． Danica PatrickC．Ellen OchoaD．LeBron James
小題4:.
Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Obama was popular with most of the people in America before he ran for president.
B．In 2005, Danica Patrick became the first woman to win an IndyCar race.
C．Ochoa is the first Hispanic woman to have gone aboard the space shuttle Discovery for the ride.
D．LeBron James is the most talented basketball player.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Grandparents might be known for spoiling grandchildren, but a new study says they might also be helping the kids improve their social skills and behavior.
Spending time with grandma and grandpa especially appears to help children from single-parent, divorced/separated or stepfamily households, according to the report, published in the February Journal of Family Psychology.
"Grandparents are a positive force for all families but play a significant role in families undergoing difficulties," the study's lead author, Shalhevet Attar-Schwartz, of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, said in an American Psychological Association news release. "They can reduce the negative influence of parents separating and be a resource for children who are going through these family changes."
In interviewing 11- to 16-year olds from England and Wales, Attar-Schwartz and her team found that the more conversations the youths had with a grandparent, including asking for advice or even money, the better they got along with their peers and the fewer problems they had, such as hyperactivity and disruptive behavior.
"This was found across all three family structures," she said. "But adolescents in single-parent households and stepfamilies benefited the most. The effect of their grandparents' involvement was stronger compared to children from two biological parent families."
The study did not look at children who lived solely with their grandparents, though.
The findings have great implications for people in the United States, the authors said, because American grandparents are increasingly sharing living space with their grandchildren. A 2004 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more than 5 million households include a grandparent and a grandchild under 18, up 30 percent since 1990, according to background information in the news release.
小題1:It is generally believed that a grandmother __________ .
A．can help a child through hard times
B．can help kids develop social skills
C．can spoil a child
D．is a positive force for all families
小題2: According to the passage, grandparents will be of least benefit to a child __________ .
A．from two biological parent families
B．from a single—parent household
C．from a divorced household
D．from a stepfamily household
小題3:A child who asks his grandmother for money will __________ .
A．have difficulty in getting along with his peers
B．still get along well with his peers
C．be easier to be spoiled than his peers
D．not be popular with peers
小題4: We can learn from the last paragraph that ___________ .
A．there are more families in America undergoing difficulties
B．American parents are much busier than those from other countries
C．American grandparents are much better at bringing up their grandchildren
D．American kids like to share more living space with their grandparents
小題5: The passage implies that __________ .
A．children who live solely with their grandparents may benefit the most
B．grandparents are a source of comfort to children from families undergoing difficulties
C．grandparents play a more positive role than parents in children’s growth
D．a(chǎn)ll families should leave their children to be brought up by grandparents

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

What do you know about the sea? You may have seen it. Some of us have swum or bathed in it. It looks beautiful on a fine sunny day and it can be very rough when there is a strong wind. What other things do we know about it? Of course, the sea is very large. In the world there is more sea than land. The sea covers three quarters of the earth. The sea is also very deep in some places. It is not deep everywhere, some parts of it are very great. At one spot, near Japan the sea is nearly 11 kilometers deep! Just think of it, the highest mountain in the world is only about 9 kilometers high! If you have swum in the sea, you know that the water is salty. Rivers carry salt from the land into the sea. Some parts of the sea are more salty than other parts. Do you know the Dead Sea in Arabia? It is very salty. Swimmers cannot sink in it! Fish cannot live in the Dead Sea. It is a strange sea. In most parts of the sea, there are a lot of fishes and plants. Some live near the top of the sea. Others live deep down. No sunlight can reach the depth of the sea. So it is completely dark. Strange fishes live there. Some are blind. Some have their own lights. Some have great jaws. With their great jaws, they swallow fish larger than themselves. The sea can be very cold. Deep sea divers know this well. At the top of the water may be warm. Then as the divers go down, the sea becomes colder and colder.
Many scientists are now making a study of animal and plant life in the sea. They hope to find new resources for mankind.
小題1:. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．Land covers one fourth of the area of the earth.
B．The depths of the sea are different in different places.
C．The depth of a sea at one spot near Japan is nearly the height of the highest mountain.
D．The salt in the sea mainly comes from the land.
小題2:.. The Dead Sea is lifeless because ___.
A．the water in it is too coldB．the water in it is too salty for anything to grow
C．the water in it never flowsD．no sunlight can reach the bottom of the lake
小題3:. We can see the underlined word “rough” in this passage means ___.
A．uglyB．noisyC．coldD．not calm
小題4:.. Which of the following statements is true?
A．Some of the fish living in the depth of the sea can not see by themselves.
B．Some fish give out light for themselves.
C．Some fish live on other fish.D．All of the above
小題5:.. What does the writer intend to tell us in the last paragraph?
A．The necessity of the study of the sea.B．The purpose of man’s further study of the sea.
C．Man’s limited knowledge of the sea.D．The importance of new resources for man.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language, which assesses the proficiency (熟練) of English language of a person in an academic setting. Various institutions, scholarship programs require this test as a trusted and effective indicator of a person’s ability to communicate in English.

TOEFL is available in CBT----Computer-based Technology, PBT----Paper-based Technology and IBT----Internet-based Test formats（形式）to assess the proficiency of English Language. IBT TOEFL is a four-hour test comprising sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing. In areas where internet-based test is not available, a paper-based test (PBT) is given. PBT is a three-hour test comprising four sections: Listening, Structure and Written Expression, Reading Comprehension and Writing.
Taking TOEFL test opens many doors to get admission in foreign universities. More than 7500 colleges, universities and agencies in more than 130 countries rely on TOEFL test scores to check proficiency for English Language. It is very convenient to take this test and it is available in 165 countries world wide.
It measures your academic skills that whether you are ready to study or train at under graduate or post graduate level in foreign universities or not. In the test candidates are provided with a passage from text books and questions based on lectures, and you can be asked to speak or write in response related to that passage.
As the test is made up of 100 % academic questions, so many universities consider it the most effective test, while taking any admission. To take TOEFL test you should:
-----Improve your writing skills;
-----Improve your vocabulary;
-----Practice other reading passages on the TOEFL Test;
-----Be familiar with the format of the test;
-----Practice for listening test on the TOEFL test.
To take admission in World’s famous Harvard University, the minimum TOEFL score required is 587 on the paper-based test, 240 on the computer-based test, or 94-95 on the internet-based TOEFL.
小題1:The underlined word “comprising” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________.
A．includingB．formingC．combiningD．explaining
小題2:Which section is Not included in IBT TOEFL?
A．Reading.B．Writing.
C．Speaking.D．Structure and Written Expression.
小題3: According to the passage, many students are required to take TOEFL test probably because the test can________.
A．improve their academic skills
B．indicate their proficiency of English language
C．provide scholarship programs in many countries
D．decide your graduation from foreign universities
小題4:What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Advantages of TOEFL testB．Introduction to TOEFL test
C．Preparations for TOEFL testD．Assessment of TOEFL test

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

With alarming regularity, we read about oil tankers having accidents near land and the terrible consequences of the oil spills（泄露） on people, nature, and the environment．
Millions of dollars have been used in developing special chemicals to help dismiss the spills and to clean up the animals, beaches, and land spoiled by the oil．Unfortunately, when many of these chemicals are used, more damage is caused to the environment, especially to lives in the sea．
Of all of today’s environmental disasters, an oil spill may actually be one of the least serious．Although oil is poisonous, it is a natural material．In the end, it breaks down naturally．There are, of course, long-term effects, but it is usually more serious in the short term．
Nature by itself works better than chemical materials, but when there is a spill we demand that governments act immediately with as much hi-tech knowledge as possible．In 1967 the tanker Torrey Canyon sank off the Sicily Isles near the coast of England and spilled 120,000 tones of oil into the ocean．If you go there today, you will find it hard to see any sign that it ever happened．
Governments seem to accept the risk of transporting millions of tons of oil by ship every day so that we can fill up our cars and drive around and cause even more environmental damage．Interestingly, the biggest companies in the world produce cars, and the next biggest supply the gasoline to make them run!
We should be thinking more about reducing our dependency on oil．Governments should be encouraging research into new technologies, such as cars run by solar power（太陽能）, electricity, hydrogen, and so on．Much of this research has, in the past, been held back by the oil, gas, and coal．
If the world’s millions of cars were 10% more efficient（高效的）— and the industry could easily produce cars at least twice as efficient — we would need many fewer tankers crossing the oceans each year．If this happened, the risks of oil spills would be reduced, and the air we breathe would be cleaner and fresher, too．
小題1:What is the passage mainly talking about?
A．Oil tanker accidents．B．Oil spills pollution．
C．What oil pollution is．D．How to reduce oil pollution．
小題2:How does the author support the idea that oil spills are not as serious as people believe?
A．By giving a description．B．By making an argument．
C．By giving an example．D．By drawing a diagram．
小題3:What does the underlined word “risk” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A．Transportation depending more on oil．
B．Poisonous oil breaking down naturally．
C．Millions of tons of oil spilling into the sea．
D．More environmental damage being caused．
小題4:Which suggestion is made for reducing oil tank accidents according to the passage?
A．We should develop new technologies to cut oil use
B．Tankers should not be allowed to sail near the coastlines．
C．We should build safer oil tankers in the near future．
D．Countries should build more oil pipelines under the sea．

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Life gets noisier every day and very few people can be free from noise of some sort or another. It doesn't matter where you live---in the middle of a modern city or a faraway village---the chances are that you’ll be disturbed by jet planes, transistor radios, oil-powered engines, etc. We seem to be getting used to noise, too. Some people feel quite lonely without background music while they’re working.
Scientific tests have shown that total silence can be a very frightening experience for a human being. However, some people enjoy listening to pop music which is very loud, and this can do harm to their eardrums(耳鼓). The noise level in some discos is far above the usual safety level for heavy industrial areas.
One recent report about noise and concentration suggested that although a lot of people say that any noise disturbs their concentration, what really influences their ability to concentrate is a change in the level of noise. It goes on to say that a background noise which doesn't change too much (music, for example) may even help people to concentrate.
小題1:.
According to this passage, the noise pollution______.
A．has become the worst in the countryside
B．has become better in big cities
C．has spread from cities to villages
D．has been controlled in modern cities
小題2:.
What does background music refer to?
A．Music played while people are working.
B．Music played in the backyard.
C．Noise that continues while you’re listening to other noises.
D．Music used to help people to concentrate.
小題3:.
. Some people have their hearing harmed______.
A．while listening to pop musicB．in complete silence
C．when speaking loudlyD．while watching TV

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The definition of the standard kilogram is almost entirely wrong. Getting that definition right is a challenge that has tried the patience and intelligence of scientists for decades.
Scientists use just seven basic units to define all the other quantities we use — quantities such as speed or electric power. All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined according to natural properties（屬性）that are beyond human control.
For example, the standard second (time) is defined as a specific number of vibration（振動）of a type of radiation sent out by atoms of a special metal. The standard metre (length), in turn, is defined as the length of the path light travels under certain conditions.
Not so the kilogram. This orphan of the basic unit family is simply the mass of a small platinum-iridium alloy cylinder（鉑—銥合金筒）locked away in a container maintained by the International Bureau of Weights & Measures in Sevres, France, near Paris. Official bodies around the world have copies of the cylinder.
Embarrassingly, the last time the copies were brought to Sevres for a checkup in the 1980s, officials found that some copies had gained about 20 parts per billion in weight compared to the master cylinder since the previous checkup in the 1940s. This implies that the master cylinder itself may be an inconstant standard.
Several efforts in several different countries are under way to redefine the kilogram according to basic physical quantities such as counting the actual number of atoms of a specific substance in a kilogram or the electromagnetic（電磁的）force that balances a kilogram mass against gravity. A project of the latter type at the laboratories in Gaithersburg, Md., hopes eventually to define mass by means of electrical units.
So far, none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit. They require the very accuracy of measurement and control of experimental conditions. The slightest influence — even a tiny change in weather — can ruin results. You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking — but extremely important — research.
小題1: Compared with other basic units, the kilogram is ____.
A．a(chǎn)s accurate as other basic units
B．not universally accepted in the world
C．not defined according to natural properties
D．defined in the same way as other basic units
小題2:The author introduced the examination of copies of a platinum-iridium alloy cylinder in the 1980s to indicate that ____.
A．the causes of weight changes had been found
B．such kind of checks had been carried out regularly
C．the changes in weight challenged the definition of the kilogram
D．the consequences of such changes were great in research
小題3: According to the passage, to define the weight of mass by means of electrical units ____.
A．is the only way to redefine the kilogram scientifically
B．has been accepted as the only possible redefinition project
C．is not as complicated as people understand
D．has been considered by some scientists as a better approach
小題4: Which of the following cannot be concluded from the passage?
A．Scientists will achieve success in redefining the kilogram in the near future
B．Some scientists are trying to redefine the kilogram according to basic physical quantities.
C．The redefining of the standard kilogram is quite complicated and can be affected by a number of factors.
D．A number of experiments are being carried out to redefine the kilogram.

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