Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive（原始的）humans were closer to the animals because they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating（減輕）symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound. Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders. So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual (禮儀) to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body.
One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics (道德). Among other things, it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived（源自于）from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this classic thesis, On Airs, Waters, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors: living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air and food. Interesting enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are still very much written in the twentieth century.
1.The topic of the first paragraph is summarized in ________.
A. the first sentence of the paragraph
B. the second sentence of the paragraph
C. the third sentence of the paragraph
D. the last sentence of the paragraph
2.Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases?
A. Because magic was an inseparable part of their life.
B. Because they had little knowledge about the functioning of the body.
C. Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits.
D. Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits.
3.Considering Hippocrates’ background, we can see from the second paragraph that ________.
A. he was the forefather of modern medicine
B. experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him
C. he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts
D. experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived
4.All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPT ________.
A. helping patients
B. keeping oneself from harming patients
C. keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients
D. obeying rules for modern medicine practice
5.Which of the following best expressed the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Doctor’s concerns remain unchanged.
B. Medicine comes from nature.
C. Environment affects health.
D. Climate determines lifestyle.
1.A
2.B
3.D
4.D
5.C
【解析】
試題分析：嘗試理解社會行為和健康的關系有著歷史淵源。原始人依靠本能來保持健康，但由于他們對人體的機能尚不了解，于是就把疾病和健康與神靈聯(lián)系在了一起。古希臘醫(yī)學家希波克拉底對醫(yī)學做出了很大的貢獻。
1.第一段第一句“Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history.”是第一段的主題句，第一段講的是古人對健康的了解和看法，故選A。
2.根據第一段“Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders.”可知，原始人對人體的功能了解不多，于是就把疾病與巫術練習了起來，故選B。
3.根據“Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name.”可知，關于希波克拉底，人們知道的很少，除了知道他是希臘人，生活在公元前400年，故選D。
4.根據“he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship”可知，A、B、C都是希波克拉底誓言里面的內容，故選D。
5.根據“human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors”可知，最后一段講的是，環(huán)境與健康的關系，故選C。
考點：醫(yī)學類短文閱讀
科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
It was a Sunday and the heavy storm had lasted all night. The morning after the storm, though, was beautiful: blue skies, warm air and a calm, inviting sea touching the shore gently. My father realized it was a good day for fishing and invited my sister and me to go with him. I was only 14 and fishing had never been my thing, but I decided to go all the same. I’m so glad I did.
On the road to the harbor we could see the terrible destruction on the coast, but the harbor itself was in fairly good shape. After all, it was protected by the arms of a bay that had only one tiny channel to the sea. As we got on board, we noticed two big humps(脊背) in the distance.
On approaching them, we saw it was a mother whale with her baby. We couldn’t believe it — there aren’t any whales along the coast here. The storm must have driven them across the ocean into the bay, in which the still water was so badly polluted that nothing could survive.
The little baby whale — actually as big as our boat — was obviously stuck and could not move. The mother dived under the water and came up suddenly, making big whirlpools(漩渦) and waves. “She’s trying to help her baby, but on the wrong side,” my father said. At this point, my father moved our boat in a semicircle to the other side and, heading the boat towards the baby whale, pushed it gently. With our several gentle pushes the big hump turned over and disappeared under water. Then it swam up right beside its mum. They struggled in their desperate attempts to escape but missed the exit and started heading in the wrong direction. We hurried up to the whales and tried to lead them towards the bay channel. Slowly, they let us lead them, some-times rising from the water right beside us to breathe — and to give us a trusting look with those huge eyes. Once they hit their first part of clean water flowing straight from the sea, the mum gave us a wave with her tail and off they swam into the distance.
In the excitement it had felt like only a few minutes, but we had been with those wonderful animals for almost an hour and a half. That was the simple and lasting beauty of the day. Nearly four decades later, I still look back fondly to that golden day at sea.
The author says “I’m so glad I did.” (in Para.2) because __________.
A. he spent the weekend with his family
B. be witnessed the whole process of fishing
C. he enjoyed the beauty of the calm sea
D. he experienced the rescue of the whales
The harbor survived the storm owing to __________.
A. the long coast line B. the shape of the harbor
C. the arms of the bay D. the still water in the channel
The mother whale failed to help her baby because __________.
A. the waves pushed her baby in the wrong direction
B. she had stayed in the polluted water for too long
C. the whirlpools she had made were not big enough
D. she had no other whales around to turn to for help
What is the theme of the story?
A. It’s vital to protect the environment
B. Saving lives brings people a sense of happiness
C. Fishing provides excitement for children
D. It’s necessary to live in harmony with animals
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科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學年高考二輪增分增值集訓：情景交際英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Pop stars today enjoy what once only belonged to the royalty(皇室)．Wherever they go，people turn out in their thousands to greet them.The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling，colorfully dressed idols.The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls Royces，private helicopters or executive aeroplanes.They are surrounded by a permanent entourage(隨從)of managers，press agents and bodyguards.Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported，for，like royalty，pop stars are news.If they enjoy many of the privileges of royalty，they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well.It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearances in public.They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds who idolize them.They are no longer private individuals，but public property.The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated，for their rates of pay are great.
And why not？Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly.The great days of Hollywood have become legendary：famous stars enjoyed fame，wealth and adulation(奉承)on an all time scale.By today's standards，the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular.A single gramopphone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did.The competition for the title“Top of the Pops”is fierce，but the rewards are truly huge.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way.Don't the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the service they perform to their companies and their countries？Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency—often more than large industrial companies—and the taxman can only be grateful for their massive annual contributions to the exchequer(國庫)．So who would begrudge them their rewards?
It's all very well for people in boring jobs to complain about the successes and rewards of others.People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg.For every famous star，there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living.A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expect very high rewards.He has chosen security and peace of mind，so there will always be a limit to what he can earn.But a map who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks.He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top.He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure.But he knows，too，that the rewards for success are very high indeed：they are the payback for the huge risks involved and once he makes it，he will certainly earn them.That's the essence of private enterprise.
1.The author develops the passage mainly by ________.
A．comparing different ideas
B．giving explanations
C．inferring
D．listing typical examples
2.The underlined word “begrudge” in the third pararaph is closest in meaning to ________.
A．be jealous of? ????????????? B．be satisfied with
C．be anxious about? ????????????? D．be crazy about
3.According to the passage，which of the following can match the view of the author?
A．He who laughs last laughs best.
B．If you venture nothing，you will gain nothing.
C．He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
D．Success belongs to the persevering.
4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A．People are blind in idolizing stars.
B．There is fierce competition in becoming pop stars.
C．The government taxes pop stars very little.
D．Pop stars' life is more luxurious than that of royalty.
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The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, and pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.
As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably(不可避免的) brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment (義務), self - improvement.
Ask a bachelor(單身漢) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.
Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three - day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates （解放）money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
1.According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because _______ .
A. he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities
B. he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single
C. he finds more fun in dating than in marriage
D. he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement
2.From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from ________ .
A. hatred B. misunderstanding ??? C. prejudice D. ignorance
3.What is the author trying to tell us?
A. Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain.
B. One must know how to attain happiness.
C. It is important to make commitments.
D. It is pain that leads to happiness.
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Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important : giving-away makes life so much more exciting. You needn’t worry if you money.
This is how I with giving-away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store in my mind, I step in and make the to the storekeeper. If an accident takes place, the of which I think the local police could use, I him up and tell him about it, though I am not in here. I found a rule about this world is to give getting something back, though the often comes in an unexpected form.
One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special letter to my home, though it was to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of . More than a year later I needed a post-office box for a new business I was . I was told at the window that there were boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long list. As I was about to be , the postmaster appeared in the . “Wasn’t it you that wrote us that letter a year ago about delivering an __ delivery to your home?” I said it was. “Well, you certainly are going to have a box in this post office we make one specifically for you. You don’t know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get but complaints.”
1.A. difference B. research C. speech D. discovery
2.A. earn B. lack C. spend D. steal
3.A. experienced B. connected C. cooperated D. experimented
4.A. strikes B. flashes C. happens D. attempts
5.A. appeal B. request C. suggestion D. demand
6.A. story B. damage C. challenge D. material
7.A. call B. hold C. cheer D. pick
8.A. possession B. trouble C. place D. charge
9.A. plus B. without C. for D. before
10.A. process B. goal C. return D. concern
11.A. replied B. addressed C. driven D. brought
12.A. invitation B. apology C. complaint D. appreciation
13.A. discussing B. providing C. applying D. starting
14.A. enough B. extra C. no D. other
15.A. admitting B. relating C. buying D. waiting
16.A. positive B. shocked C. discouraged D. optimistic
17.A. doorway B. window C. home D. yard
18.A. unfamiliar B. unexpected C. unknown D. uncertain
19.A. in case B. now that C. even if D. rather
20.A. nothing B. something C. anything D. Everything
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科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學年浙江省五校高三第一次聯(lián)考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Women who own cats are more likely to have mental health problems and kill themselves because they can be infected by a common parasite that can be caught from cat litter, a study has found.
Researchers found women infected with the Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) parasite(剛地弓形蟲), which is spread through contact with cat waste or eating undercooked meat or unwashed vegetables, are at increased risk of attempting suicide.
The study involved more than 45,000 women in Denmark. About a third of the world’s population is infected with the parasite, which hides in cells in the brain and muscles, often without producing symptoms.
The infection, which is called toxoplasmosis(弓形蟲病), has been linked to mental illness, such as schizophrenia(精神分裂癥), and changes in behavior.
The study’s senior author Doctor Teodor Postolache, an associate professor of psychiatry(精神病學) at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in the United States, said, “We can’t say with certainty that T. gondii caused the women to try to kill themselves, but we did find a predictive association between the infection and suicide attempts later in life that deserves additional studies.”
Doctor Albert Reece, vice president of medical affairs at the University of Maryland, said, “T. gondii infection is a major public health problem around the world, and many people don’t realize they’re infected.
“Dr Postolache is a leading expert on suicide neuroimmunology(神經免疫學). Suicide is a critically important mental health issue. About one million people commit suicide and another 10 million attempt suicide worldwide each year. We hope that this type of research will one day help us find ways to save many lives that now end too early in suicide.”
Dr. Postolache’s research team at the University of Maryland was the first to report a connection between T. gondii and suicidal behavior in 2009. He is cooperating with researchers in Denmark, Germany and Sweden to confirm and investigate the way leading to this association.
The T. gondii parasite thrives in the intestines of cats, and it is spread through their waste. All warm-blooded animals can become infected through contact with it. Humans can become infected by changing their infected cats’ litter boxes, eating unwashed vegetables, drinking water from a polluted source, or by eating undercooked or raw meat.
Not washing kitchen knives after preparing raw meat before handling another food item also can lead to infection. Pregnant women can pass the parasite directly to their unborn babies and are advised not to change cat litter boxes to avoid possible infection.
Babies don’t produce antibodies to T. gondii for three months after they are born, so the antibodies present in their blood represented infection in the mothers. The scientists studied Danish health patients to determine if any of these women later attempted suicide, including cases of violent suicide attempts which may have involved guns, sharp instruments and jumping from high places.
The study found that women infected with T. gondii were one and a half times more likely to attempt suicide compared to those who were not infected, and the risk seemed to rise with increasing levels of the T. gondii antibodies.
Dr Postolache noted limitations to the study, such as the inability to determine the cause of the suicidal behavior.
The findings were published online in the Archives of General Psychiatry.
1.The objects of the research are women from _____.
A. Demark B. the USA C. Germany D. Sweden
2.The common way which is more likely to be infected with the disease is _____.
A. to eat unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat
B. to clean a place where a cat once lived for a time
C. to pass the infection to her unborn baby during a woman’s pregnancy
D. to reuse kitchen tools which have been used to cut raw meat
3.What is the consequence if a woman is infected with the parasite in the passage?
A. Having a high fever. B. Doing deliberate self-harm.
C. Keeping a depressed mood. D. Becoming bad tempered.
53.
4. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Women have a higher risk to be infected by the parasite than men.
B. The result of the research may help the scientists to find ways to stop suicide in advance.
C. The scientists will continue their research into the possible connection.
D. The risk of being infected seems to rise with the decreasing levels of the antibodies.
5.Which of the following statements would probably be the best title of the passage?
A. Why are women more likely to commit suicide?
B. Women should keep away from cats.
C. Ways found to deal with women’s mental problems.
D. Are women who own cats at a suicide risk?
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