The survival of about one fifth of the world’s vertebrates — animals with a backbone — is considered threatened, according to new research published in the journal Science. That’s a large fraction of Earth’s animals, but this new study held some good news too. Conservation efforts by humans have slowed the loss of many species of amphibians (兩棲動(dòng)物), birds, and mammals. Losses in these groups would have been about 20 percent greater had it not been for recent action of protection.

       Among the animal-conservation success stories is one about birds called Mauritius kestrels (紅隼). In the 1970s, just four of these birds were left in the world. Through a special breeding program, scientists were able to increase their number to about 1,000 and release them into the wild.

       Humpback whales (座頭鯨) have benefited greatly from recent conservation efforts as well. They were once on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) list of species threatened with extinction. But the species is now in less danger, thanks to laws that ban whale hunting. The IUCN even moved the humpback into “species of the least concern”.

       Over the past 100 years, the white rhino (犀牛) of South Africa has also made an amazing recovery because of habitat protection. The breed multiplied from just 50 animals to about 17.000. Their home has been turned into a protected area, safe from poachers (people who hunt animals illegally) and other threats.

      Stuart Butchart, one of the authors of the new study in Science, is encouraged by the positive effects of conservation. But he says, “Biodiversity (生物多樣化) of species is in a frightening state. Its situation is getting worse. But our results show we can turn the situation around.”

       New conservation policies hopefully are on the way. One hundred ninety-three countries recently met in Japan at the Convention on Biological Diversity to set goals for preserving threatened wildlife and their habitats Only 1 percent of ocean and 12 percent of land areas were protected under earlier agreements. Two new goals set by the group are to designate (指定) 10 percent of the world’s ocean and 17 percent of land environments as protected areas to help increase endangered-animal population.

66. What can we learn from the passage?

A、Though there was a special breeding program, the number of Mauritius kestrels didn’t increase.

B、Conservation efforts should not only be made by human beings.

C、Humpback whales are not no the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s list now.

D、Because many groups are working to protect wildlife, natural habitats are in good condition.

67. Which of the following is not mentioned in people’s conservation efforts?

       A、Habitat protection                                B、Breeding programs

C、Laws of banning whale hunting             D、Creation of studying organizations

68. The author uses some successful animal-conservation examples to show that _______.

       A、conservation works                             B、man conquers nature

C、animals are more important                   D、law is fair

69. From the last paragraph we can infer that _______.

       A、much more must be done to prevent species from becoming extinct

B、many animals should be removed from the endangered list

C、humans seem to be at a loss in face of the protection of biodiversity

D、people’s concern of species extinction is completely unnecessary

70. The purpose of the new goals set by the Convention on Biological Diversity is to ______.

       A、protect ocean habitats                         

B、build land environments

C、increase the population of endangered animals

D、control animal population

66.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句和最后一句可知座頭鯨曾經(jīng)在該聯(lián)盟的名單上，但現(xiàn)在已被去掉。

67.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二、三、四段分別列出了三種受益于人類(lèi)保護(hù)的動(dòng)物，毛里求斯紅隼數(shù)量的增加是由于一項(xiàng)特殊的繁殖計(jì)劃，座頭鯨是受益于禁止捕鯨的法律，白犀牛數(shù)量的增加是受益于人類(lèi)對(duì)它的棲息地的保護(hù)。而D項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到。

68.A推理判斷題。作者在文中引用毛里求斯紅隼、座頭鯨和南非白犀牛三個(gè)成功的例子，目的是表明人類(lèi)的保護(hù)措施起了作用。

69.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)此段的主題句“New conservation policies hopefully are on the way。”及下文《生物多樣性公約》多設(shè)定的目標(biāo)可知：對(duì)于人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)防止物種滅絕任重道遠(yuǎn)。

70.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“to help increase endangered-animal population”可知，設(shè)立兩項(xiàng)新目標(biāo)的目的是增加瀕危動(dòng)物的種群。

  【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】在過(guò)去的十年間，英國(guó)的垃圾回收增加了三倍多。英國(guó)政府正在重新評(píng)估現(xiàn)行的垃圾策略，以便使垃圾回收更方便。

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：浙江省紹興市2010屆高三下學(xué)期教學(xué)質(zhì)量調(diào)測(cè) 題型：閱讀理解


E
The black robin is one of the world’s rarest birds. It is a small, wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand. In 1967 there were about fifty black robins; in 1977 there were fewer than ten. These are the only black robins left in the world. The island has many other birds, of different kinds, large and small; these seem to multiply very happily.
Energetic steps are being taken to preserve the black robin. Detailed studies are going on, and a public appeal for money has bee made. The idea is to buy another island nearby as a special home, a “reserve”, for threatened wild life, including black robins. The organizers say that Little Mangere should then be supplied with the robin’s food—it eats only one kind of seed. Thousands of the required plants are at present being cultivated in new Zealand. The public appeal is aimed at the conscience of mankind, so that the wild black robin will not die out and disappear form the earth in our time at least.
Is all this concern a waste of human effort? Is it any business of ours whether the black robin survives or dies out? Are we losing our sense of what is reasonable and what is unreasonable?
In the earth’s long, long past, hundreds, of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success—and died out. In the long, long future, there will be many new and different forms of life. Those creatures that adapt themselves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long time. Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early. This is nature’s proven method of operation.
The rule of selection—“the survival of the fittest”—is the one by which human beings have themselves arrived on the scene. We, being one of the most adaptable creatures the earth has yet produced, may last longer than most. You may take it as another rule that when, at last, human beings show signs of dying out, no other creature will extend a paw to put off our departure. On the contrary, we will be hurried out. For nature, tough fair, is a hard-hearted mistress. She has no favorites.
Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins. I leave you to judge whether we should try to do something about it.
57．The black robin is dying out mainly because__________.
A．people have been very careless about its survival
B．its only food supply is far from enough on Little Mangere
C．the other birds on the island have destroyed it
D．the appeal for money has come at the wrong time
58．In Paragraph 3, the writer puts forward three questions to__________
A．make a comparison     B．make an argument
C．introduce a topic             D．present his own idea
59．As for selection and survival, the decisive factor seems to be__________.
A．the ability to adapt to changed or changing conditions
B．the number of wild life reserves that are available
C．the concern and generosity of the public
D．the size of the home, or the amount of space one has to live in
60．The writer’s attitude towards the protection of the black robins is__________.
A．a(chǎn)ctive         B．passive         C．unconcerned        D．Optimistic

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2011-2012學(xué)年湖北孝感高級(jí)中學(xué)高一下學(xué)期期末考試英語(yǔ)試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

When I was seven years old my mom was diagnosed(診斷) with cancer. For this type of cancer the survival rate was low. My family was extremely upset and shocked. I was too young to understand. I had no idea that everyday with my mom had to be the absolute best because we didn’t know if it would be our last. I didn’t understand why everyone was suddenly taking time out of their busy lives to come over and sit on our couch.
The doctors told us my mom might survive with surgery(外科手術(shù)). But it could also kill her. She agreed to have it. The surgery was scheduled for the day after the Columbus Day. The day before the surgery I had off from school, and my mom planned the best day of my life. The day began with her waking me up saying, “Kate, I have a surprise for you. Come see.” The surprise was a doll I had wanted for the longest time. Throughout the day, she told me everything that she thought I would need to know to grow up and be a good person; she told me to be the best I could be and that I would always make her proud. The day was filled with laughter. For the first time in a long time I could see she was happy. Really happy.
The day passed and the next day, it was time for the surgery. There were no tears; I think I understood that I could lose my mom, because they did tell me she could die. We waited all day for news from the doctor. Everyone jumped when a door opened or anyone walked into the waiting room. Finally the doctor came in, and the news was what we had prayed (祈禱) for.
The experience that my family went through was truly a roller coaster. I will never forget that day together, and how her illness pulled our family closer. I understand now how lucky we were. I truly appreciate life and honor my mom for being so strong.
【小題1】After the author’s mother fell ill, people _____.

A．took turns to look after the author
B．tried to spend more time on their work
C．spared more time to stay with the mother
D．a(chǎn)sked the doctors to operate on the mother at once
【小題2】It can be inferred that the author’s mother ______.
A．tried to show her love to her daughter before the operation
B．didn’t agree to have the operation
C．had always been happy before the operation
D．was very nervous the day before the operation
【小題3】What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．How the doctors operated on the mother.
B．How the family prayed for the mother.
C．How the mother struggled against cancer.
D．How the family waited for the operation result.
【小題4】What does the author mean by the underlined sentence in the text?
A．Life is always full of hardships.
B．Life is full of both pain and happiness.
C．Life is always filled with pleasure.
D．Life is fair for everyone all the time.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2014屆浙江省紹興市高三上學(xué)期期中考試英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

But what is teacher quality? How can one measure it reliably?

An analysis is issued on a sample of data from a Texas school district. Experts argue convincingly that teacher effectiveness should be measured by students’ gains on standardized tests: Mr. Smith is probably a better teacher than Ms. Brown if his students consistently improve their test scores more than hers do.

Though this approach is appealing, there are tricky issues. For example, what if Ms. Brown teaches in a school where students score so high there is little room for improvement?

The authors try to correct for this problem, as well as other sorts of measurement issues, to generate a measurement of teacher effectiveness. The paper is primarily concerned with how this measure is related to other observable characteristics.

The first finding is that there is a large variation in teacher effectiveness: some teachers consistently have a larger impact on their students’ achievement than others.

Second, easily observable characteristics like having a master’s degree or a passing score on the teacher certification exam are not correlated關(guān)聯(lián) with teacher effectiveness.

Then what does matter? The most important single influence is experience: first-year teachers are much less effective than others. The second year is significantly better, and by the fourth year, most teachers hit their stride.

It is not entirely clear whether this experience effect is learning by doing (the more you teach, the more effective you become) or survival of the fittest (those who are not good at teaching tend to drop out early.)

From my reading of the paper, both effects appear important and there is no simple answer. The data do suggest, however, that teacher effectiveness is pretty clear by the end of the second year, so the information to make an informed decision is available at that time.

The authors also investigate the contentious 有爭(zhēng)議的issue of racial matching of students and teachers. Here they find strong evidence that minority teachers tend to be more effective with minority students. Again, it is unclear whether this is because of a role model effect (students respond better to a teacher of their own race) or an empathy effect 移情效應(yīng)(teachers empathize better with students of their own race) or something else entirely.

The authors also look at teacher mobility. There is some evidence that teachers who quit teaching or switch schools tend to be below average in effectiveness. This is consistent with the survival-of-the-fittest model.

1.The schoolmaster could decide wisely whether to further employ the teacher by the end of the ______.

A. the first year          B. the second year             C. the third year        D. the fourth year

2.The phrase “hit their stride” most probably means “______”.

A. reach their normal level                                    B. become confident

C. walk with long steps                                            D. get bored

3.The author of this passage holds the view that ______.

A. teachers will perform better with time passing

B. ineffective teachers should leave earlier rather than later

C. teacher’s effectiveness is apparent after a couple of years

D. a master’s degree will improve teacher’s effectiveness

4.Why do black teachers tend to be more effective with black students?

A. Students fell secure, so they respond better.

B. Teachers sympathize with students of their own race.

C. There are entirely some other identified reasons.

D. The reasons are far from clear and definite.

5.Which of the following may serve as the best title?

A. The Quality of Teaching

B. Impact of Teacher Quality on Student Learning

C. Different Sorts of Measurement Issues

D. Survival-of-the-fittest Model vs. Learning-by-doing Model

 

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2012-2013學(xué)年河南鄭州第四中學(xué)高三第十四次調(diào)考英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：信息匹配

Culture means any human behavior that is learned in human society. All of the meaningful parts of a culture are passed on to different generations through tradition or social learning.  1.  Culture exists in agricultural as well as industrialized societies.

Culture is necessary for the survival and existence of human beings as human beings. Practically everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through taking part in a sociocultural system.  2.  Here is one of the cases of children growing up apart from human society. In the province of Midnapore in India, the director of a children’s home was told by local villagers that there were “ghost” in the forest. Upon looking into the case, the director found that two children, one about eight years old and the other about six years old, appeared to have been living a pack of wolves in the forest.  3.   In his diary, the director describes his first view of Kamala (as the older child was named) and Amala ( the name given to the younger child):

Kamala was a terrible-looking being, the head, a big ball of something covering the shoulders.  4.   Their eyes were bright and sharp, unlike human eyes. They were very fond of raw meat and raw milk. Gradually, as they got stronger, they began going on all fours, and afterwards began to run on all fours, just like squirrels.

Children learn human language in the same way they learn other kinds of human behavior——by taking part in a cultural community.   5. 

A．From this viewpoint, all human groups have a culture.

B．Close at its heels there came another terrible creature exactly like the first, but smaller in size.

C．Human beings can only develop human abilities by the local people.

D．This statement is well supported by some well-written cases.

E. These children were the ghosts described by the local people.

F. Culture refers only to the high art and classical music of a particular society.

G. They learn a certain human languages as well as certain kinds of human behavior through their membership in a certain cultural community.

 

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2012屆重慶市“名校聯(lián)盟”高二第一次聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

YUZHOU, HENAN –An accident in a central China coal mine killed 21 miners Saturday and left another 16 trapped underground , the government said.

The death toll rose to 26 Sunday morning as rescuers were battling to reach the 11 miners who were still trapped underground, rescue headquarters said.

Rescuers were battling to reach the 11 miners still trapped underground, but chances for them to survive were very slim, said Du Bo, deputy chief of the rescue headquarters.

"Based upon past experience, the remaining 11 miners could be buried in coal dust, so the survival chances are frail," Du said.

More than 2,500 tons of coal dust smothered(厚厚的覆蓋) the pit after the gas leak（漏出）, which hampered（阻礙） the rescue, said Du.

The gas outburst happened at 6:03 a.m. Saturday when 276 miners were working underground in the mine in Yuzhou City. A total of 239 workers escaped but 21 were found dead and 16 trapped.

An initial（最初的） investigation showed that 173,500 cubic meters of gas leaked out in the accident. Liu Wenbin, a deputy chief engineer of the company that owns the mine, was in the pit（礦井） when the accident happened. He organized the escape.

"At around 6 a.m., I felt there was something wrong with the airflow in the shaft, and one of the team captains told me he also felt it and had already reported the problem," said Liu

The mine is owned by Pingyu Coal & Electric Co. Ltd., a company jointly established by four investors, including Zhong Ping Energy Chemical Group and China Power Investment Corp.

1.What could be the best title for this passage?                    

A．Death Toll Rises in an Accident in China

B．A Coal Mine Accident in Central China

C．An Accident in Central China

D．Coal Mine Accidents in China

2.What does the underlined part mean in the second paragraph?           

A．payment required for the use of rescuing persons

B．the number of people killed in a particular accident

C．the percentage of the dead persons in an accident

D．a(chǎn) number of people killed in an accident

3.From this passage we know that ____.                        

A．Of the 276 miners in the mine only 21 were dead until the next morning

B．The miners trapped underground would be saved without difficulty

C．16 miners trapped underground were still found alive waiting for the rescue

D．Until the next morning another 5 miners were found dead in this accident

4.According to the writer, which of the following is not true?      

A．The mine was owned by more than one company

B．There was at least one more similar accident happening in Central China before

C．Before the accident happened there was no sign of something wrong

D．When the accident happened one of the mine owners was in the pit

 

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