Question

【題目】閱讀理解。

III. Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively ___________ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.

In any case, despite so much evidence to the ___________, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ___________ , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from ___________ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (專制的) managers.

Different cultures have different ways of ___________ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to ___________ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general ___________. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional ___________ managers cannot.

A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without ___________ managers first. This empowerment (授權(quán)) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: ___________ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be ___________ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has ___________ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to ___________ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

Another trend is off-site or ___________ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the ___________ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

【1】A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike

【2】A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme

【3】A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise

【4】A. outside B. inside C. below D. above

【5】A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging

【6】A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply

【7】A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression

【8】A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male

【9】A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing

【10】A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating

【11】A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared

【12】A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally

【13】A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure

【14】A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene

【15】A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】D

【2】A

【3】B

【4】D

【5】C

【6】B

【7】A

【8】D

【9】A

【10】C

【11】B

【12】B

【13】D

【14】A

【15】C

【解析】

試題分析：本文是說明文，介紹了現(xiàn)代社會中一種新型管理理論——授權(quán)管理及其作用。

【1】考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)后半句＂....will do anything to avoid it＂可知人們本能上不喜歡工作，他們為逃避工作可以做任何事情。故D項正確。

【2】考查名詞辨析。to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某種程度上；to the extreme走向極端。此處是說，無論如何，盡管很多證據(jù)與這個理論相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理論。故A項正確。

【3】由后面的例子他們認為如果要員工效率高，就需要給與他們不斷的監(jiān)督可知此處是舉例說明。故B項正確。

【4】考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)后句可知，此處是說，他們的決定是來自上而下的，沒有任何商量的余地。故D項＂above上面的＂正確。

【5】考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)前段可知本文討論的是管理學的理論，此處是說，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C項正確。

【6】考查動詞短語辨析。refer to提到，談到；contribute to做貢獻；導致；object to反對；apply to適用于。此處是說，亞洲人使用的是協(xié)商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求對管理的過程作出自己的貢獻。故B項正確。

【7】考查名詞辨析。agreement同意；practice練習，做法；election選舉；impression印象。此處是說，亞洲人使用協(xié)商式的管理方法，這種方法是建立在共同協(xié)商基礎之上的，西方人也想模仿這樣的管理方法。故A項正確。

【8】考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)前半句＂....women will become more effective managers than men....＂可知有些專家認為女性比男性管理更高效。因為女性更有親和力，比男性管理人更容易與別人達成一致的目標。故D項正確。

【9】考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)前句＂... encourage employees to use their own initiative... ＂（鼓勵員工使用自己的首創(chuàng)精神），也就是說在作出決定的時候不用先請示上級經(jīng)理。故A項正確。

【10】考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)＂the trend towards downsizing＂（縮小規(guī)模的趨勢）可知，也就是要減少管理層的數(shù)量，可以直接做出決定而不需要請示上級。故動詞＂reduce減少＂符合語境。

【11】考查形容詞短語。be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with擠滿；be compared with與……相比；通過這種方法，公司只剩下高層管理者和前線的與公眾直接聯(lián)系的一線管理人。省略了很多中央環(huán)節(jié)，提高了管理的效益。故B項正確。

【12】考查副詞辨析。economically經(jīng)濟地；traditionally傳統(tǒng)地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶爾地；根據(jù)后句＂Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control＂可知授權(quán)管理是一個新型的管理方法，與傳統(tǒng)的管理模式不一樣。故B項正確。

【13】考查動詞辨析。deny否認；admit承認；assume假定，設想；ensure保證，確保；授權(quán)管理是一種新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理環(huán)節(jié)，保證了整個商業(yè)計劃被采用。根據(jù)句意可知D正確。

【14】virtual虛擬的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene現(xiàn)場的。根據(jù)后句＂where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses＂可知在這種新型的管理方法中，人們都是通過郵件和網(wǎng)絡聯(lián)系，說明這種一種新型通過虛擬網(wǎng)絡進行的管理方法。故A項正確。

【15】考查名詞辨析。opinion觀點；risk冒險；performance表現(xiàn)；attractiveness魅力；根據(jù)后半句中＂in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them＂可知我們評價員工的表現(xiàn)是根據(jù)他們的產(chǎn)品而不是他們的工作時間。故C項正確。