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       Some of the bridges, like the George Washington Bridge, and some of the tunnels, such as the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels, are famous．But the most famous of all is the Brooklyn Bridge, which was built over 100 years ago．

       Today, engineers have the experience and the special machines to do such things, but at that time, no one knew how to do them．The Brooklyn Bridge was the first bridge of its kind in the world．The box which Washington had studied in Europe was used．It was the size of a house and it was made of wood．It had three sides and a top, but no bottom．Air was forced into the box and water was forced out so the workers could work underwater．No one understood the problems of this kind of work．It was very dangerous and many men were sick．Needless to say （不用說）, they were also frightened．Accidents were frequent．Roebling spent a great deal of time with the workers in the box to encourage them．

       The box began to affect the men．Some of them felt strange pains in different parts of their bodies．One day, a worker began to have strong pains in his stomach．He had been well and had begun work only half an hour before, but within minutes he was dead．This sudden incident was repeated several more times with other men．Roebling himself had a similar attack．He couldn’t talk or hear．Within days he became paralyzed（癱瘓的） and people feared that he, too, might die．But he recovered after a week or two and went back to work．A little while later, Roebling had a second attack, more serious than the first．This time he was crippled．He was unable to work again for the rest of his life．

       The bridge was a great success．People came from everywhere to see this strong and beautiful structure．It was one of the wonders of the nineteenth century, and it is still a wonder today．There is more traffic on it than ever before, yet the bridge remains sturdy．

1．Choose the one which is true．

       A．Roebling was put in charge of the building．

       B．His son returned from Europe with the idea of working in a large box underwater．

       C．Roebling was badly injured．

       D．Before dying, he asked his son to continue his work．

2．The box was used so that __________．

       A．workers working underwater could breathe and move about as if they were on the ground．

       B．workers could stand on it．

       C．more air could come to it．

       D．more water would come into it．

3．The Brooklyn Bridge is a monument to Roebling’s _________．

       A．devotion and contribution               B．interest

       C．life                              D．all of the above

4．Why was the building of Brooklyn Bridge very dangerous?

       A．Because all the workers were frightened．

       B．Because there is a rushing torrent（急流）．

       C．Because all the workers had to work underwater．

       D．Because no one was able to foretell the problems of this kind of work．

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The National Outline for Medium and Long Term Education Reform and Development (2010 - 20) was released over the weekend. Here are some of the highlights:

Four – percent effort

The government says spending on education will be 4 percent of GDP by 2012. globally, average spending on education is about 4.5% of GDP. China spend 3,33% in 2008. according to Hu Angang, of Tsinghua University’s Center for China Studies, even if China reaches that goal, it will only rank about 100 th out of 188 countries.

Administrative rank

Administrative rankings for school leaders are to be phased out to tackle the bureaucracy (官僚機構) problem that limits educational development, according to Cheng Fangping, of the national Institute for Educational Research. Areas like teaching programs, scientific research, and technological development will be more independent.

Vocational Education

The system will be free of charge. According to Wu Yan, of Beijing Institute of Educational Sciences, this will be key to developing China’s production capacity and will improve poor people’s lives dramatically.

Entering college

    Universities could eventually have the freedom to choose some of their own high school applicants. Normally, students are accepted based on the uniform national exam scores. Also, students who agree to go to a remote area could be admitted to university under special circumstances. The most likely change could come on the college entrance English test, which might be modeled on the IELTS or TOEFL. Students will be able to take it several times and pick their best score.

56．Which of the following is true in the future according to the passage?

      A．Applicants could take the IELTS or TOEFL instead of the college entrance English test.

       B．Colleges will be given the right to choose all of their own applicants.

       C．Vocational education will be party free to make people’s lives better.

       D．Applicants could sit for the college entrance English test more than once.

57．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to “uniform” in the last paragraph?

       A．formal      B．official     C．same D．united

58．We can learn from the passage even though our country spends 4% of GDP on education in 2012,          .

       A．there will still be 188 countries ahead of China in this aspect

       B．China will certainly overtake the global average spending on education

       C．there might be nearly 100 countries ahead of China in this aspect

       D．China will be the 100 th country to spend over the global average on education

59．From the third paragraph, we can infer that         .

      A．school leaders will have more freedom to manage the school

       B．schools will have more limits from the government

       C．School administrative rankings are to be strengthened to solve the bureaucracy problem

       D．schools and research centers will be fully independent from the government

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As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries, a new electrical generating(發(fā)電)and transmission (輸送) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse. Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community. The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.
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Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.
So trade-offs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species(物種) will be forced to move, or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.
The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter. The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.
The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines. So let’s remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.
【小題1】What was the problem caused by the construction of the railways?

A．Small towns along the railways became abandoned.
B．Land in the West was hard to manage.
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D．Land grants went into private hands.
【小題2】What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two paragraphs?
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B．The transmission of power.
C．The conservation of solar energy.
D．The selection of an ideal place.
【小題3】What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants?
A．Disapproving.B．Approving.C．Doubtful.D．Cautious.
【小題4】Which is the best title for the passage?
A．How the Railways Have Affected the West
B．How the Effects of Power Plants Can Be Reduced
C．How Solar Energy Could Reshape the West
D．How the Problems of the Highways Have Been Settled

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Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.
So trade-offs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species(物種) will be forced to move, or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.
The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter. The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.
The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines. So let’s remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.
【小題1】What was the problem caused by the construction of the railways?

A．Small towns along the railways became abandoned.
B．Land in the West was hard to manage.
C．Some railroad stops remained underused.
D．Land grants went into private hands.
【小題2】What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two paragraphs?
A．The use of money and power.
B．The transmission of power.
C．The conservation of solar energy.
D．The selection of an ideal place.
【小題3】What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants?
A．Disapproving.B．Approving.C．Doubtful.D．Cautious.
【小題4】Which is the best title for the passage?
A．How the Railways Have Affected the West
B．How the Effects of Power Plants Can Be Reduced
C．How Solar Energy Could Reshape the West
D．How the Problems of the Highways Have Been Settled

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So trade-offs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species(物種) will be forced to move, or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.

The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter. The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.

The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines. So let’s remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.

1.What was the problem caused by the construction of the railways?

A．Small towns along the railways became abandoned.

B．Land in the West was hard to manage.

C．Some railroad stops remained underused.

D．Land grants went into private hands.

2.What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two paragraphs?

A．The use of money and power.

B．The transmission of power.

C．The conservation of solar energy.

D．The selection of an ideal place.

3.What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants?

A．Disapproving.      B．Approving.         C．Doubtful.          D．Cautious.

4.Which is the best title for the passage?

A．How the Railways Have Affected the West

B．How the Effects of Power Plants Can Be Reduced

C．How Solar Energy Could Reshape the West

D．How the Problems of the Highways Have Been Settled

 

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It is not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societies in the 10 th and 11 th centuries. As wife, the woman was protected by the setting up of a dowry (嫁妝) or decimum. Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion (遺棄)，but in reality its function in the social and family life of the time was much more important. The decimum was the wife’s right to receive a tenth of all her husband’s property. The wife had the right to withhold consent, in all transactions the husband would make, And more than just a right: the documents showed that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. In no case did the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife.

The wife shared in the management of her husband’s personal property, but the opposite was not always true. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance(遺產，繼承物)against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of Maria, Vivas, a Catalan woman of Barcelona. Having agreed with her husband Miro to sell a field she had inherited, for the needs of the household, she insisted on compensation. None being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe to have a contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miro’s personal inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says, “for the sake of peace.” Either through the dowry or through being hot-tempered, the Catalan wife knew how to win herself, within the context of the family, a powerful economic position.

1. A decimum was      .

A．the wife’s inheritance from her father

B．a gift of money to the new husband

C．a written contract

D．the wife’s right to receive one-tenth of her husband’s property

2. In the society described in the passage, the legal standing of the wife in marriage was      .

A．higher than that of her husband

B．lower than that of her husband

C．the same as that of her husband

D．higher than that of a single woman

3. What compensation did Maria Vivas get for the field?

A．Some of the land Miro had inherited.

B．A tenth of Miro’s land.

C．Money for household expenses.

D．Money from Miro’s inheritance.

4. Which of the following is Not mentioned as an effect of the dowry system?

A．The husband had to share the power of decision in marriage.

B．The wife was protested from desertion.

C．The wife gained a powerful economic position.

D．The husband was given control over his wife’s property.

 

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