Question

第二卷（非選擇題，共兩大題，35分）

第四部分: 任務型閱讀 (共10小題；每小題l分, 滿分l0分)

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                      Brief History of the World’s Fair

World’s Fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that ended with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. It was soon followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe, and finally came to London where the first real international exhibition was held.

Since their start in 1851, the character of world expositions has developed gradually. Three eras（年代）can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.

Industrialization (1851–1938)

The first era could be called the era of industrialization and covered the period from 1851 to 1938. In these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade and famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platform where the state of the art in science and technology from around the world was brought together. Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of World’s Fairs stems from this first era.

Cultural exchange (1939–1991)

The 1939 New York World’s Fair and the 1949 Stockholm World’s Fair were different from the original focus of the expositions. From then on, World’s Fairs became more strongly based on a specific theme of cultural significance, and began to address issues of humankind. Technology and inventions remained important, but no longer as the principal subjects of the Fair. Cross-cultural dialogue and the exchange of solutions became defining elements of the expos. It was also during this time, specifically in the 1960s, that BIE organizers started calling World’s Fairs “Expo’s”.

Nation branding (1992–present)

From Expo’88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use World Expositions more widely and more strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilions(展館). Finland, Japan, Canada, France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called “Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers” showed that improving national images was the primary participation goal for 73% of the countries at Expo 2000. In a world where a strong national image is a key asset(財產), pavilions became advertising campaigns, and the Expo a channel for nation branding. As well as cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries (and the cities and regions hosting them) also use the world exposition to brand themselves.

Future expositions

2017 will see a recognized exposition. Bidding may begin as early as 2012 for this smaller-sized exposition. Already, Edmonton, Alberta and Canada have voted to go on with the second stage of putting together a bid for Edmonton EXPO 2017. 2020 will see a registered category of exposition. Bidding may begin as early as 2011 for this larger sized exposition. There are citizen efforts in American cities with the intention of bringing a World’s Fair back to the United States.

Paragraph  Outline	Supporting Details
The (71)         of World’s Fairs	●The idea of World’s Fairs came from the French tradition. ●Later the tradition was replaced by the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris.
Industrialization (1851–1938)	●The world expositions were especially fixed on trade and known for the (72)         of technological inventions. ●The world expositions created a platform for countries to present    inventions. ●In this era, an important image of World’s Fairs came into (73)        .
Cultural exchange (1939–1991)	●The focus of World’s Fairs (74)         from the original one and    became more theme-based. ●World’s Fairs were of more (75)         significance and started to deal with the problems of mankind. ●(76)         technology and inventions were still important, they were no longer regarded as the principal subjects.
Nation branding (1992–present)	●World Expos began to be used more widely and strongly as a platform for countries to improve national (77)        . ●73% of the countries (78)         in Expo 2000 used it as a channel for nation branding. ●(79)        cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries made use of the World Expos to promote themselves.
(80)         World’s Fairs	●2017 will see a recognized exposition and 2020 will see a registered category of exposition. American citizens are making efforts to bring a  World’s Fair back to their country.

Answer 1

71. origin/beginning/start            72. display/show                73. being/existence      

74. differed                                75. cultural                        76. Although/Though/While 

77. images/brands                        78. participating/joining        79. Besides    

80. Future/Upcoming