閱讀理解

Saving paper

　　In the 13th century, the famous Italian traveler, Marco Polo, traveled a long way to China．During his stay in China, he saw many wonderful things．One of the things he discovered was that the Chinese used paper money．In western countries, people did not use paper money until the 15th century．However, people in China began to use paper money in the 7th century．

　　A Chinese man called Cai Lun invented paper almost 2, 000 years ago．He made it from wood．He took the wood from trees and made it into paper．He then put these pieces of paper together and made them into a book．

　　Now paper still comes from trees．We use a lot of paper every day．If we keep on wasting so much paper, there will not be any trees left on the earth．If there are no trees, there will be no paper．Every day, people throw away about 2, 800 tons of paper in our city．It takes 17 trees to make one ton of paper．This means that we are cutting nearly 48, 000 trees every day．Since it takes more than 10 years for a tree to grow, we must start using less paper now．If we don't, we will not have enough time to grow more trees to take the place of those we use for paper．

　　So how can we save paper? We can use both sides of every piece of paper, especially when we are making notes．We can choose drinks in bottles instead of those in paper packets．We can also use cotton handkerchiefs and not paper ones．When we go shopping, we can use fewer paper bags．If the shop assistant does give us a paper bag, we can save it and reuse it later．

　　Everyone can help save paper．If we all think carefully, we can help protect trees．But we should do it now, before it is too late．

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　　When you see the world dangerous, what do you think about? Fire? Guns? Broken glass? How about noises? Can noise be dangerous? Can it hurt you? Do you think it is a kind of pollution?

　　Most people would say that noise is loud, unwanted sound．They think of the roar of traffic, the scream of jet planes, and the howl of a sick animal．But what about rock music? Is the sound of music noise?

　　Sounds can be measured to find out how loud they are．Your hearing can also be measured．Tests were done on people who work with very loud machines for a long time．The tests showed that some of these people had a loss of hearing．People who race cars, fly jet planes, or play in rock bands may also have hearing problems．Tests also show other changes in people who work in loud, noisy places．These changes can take place in the way people breathe or see or think or move or feel．Can noise be dangerous? Is it a kind of pollution?

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　　Long before human beings came to this world, dinosaurs were once kings on the earth．They were either meat-eaters or plant-eaters．Recently scientists found the longest dinosaur fossil in the world in Xinjiang．It is a 15-metre-long neck bone．Scientists think the bone is a part of a 35-metre-long Mamenxi Dinosaur．

　　Mamenxi Dinosaurs lived from 156 million to 145 million years ago．They had the longest neck of any known dinosaur．They ate plants．They used their 10-metre-long neck to reach high leaves．

　　Mamenxi Dinosaurs may have hatched from eggs．Scientists think the mothers laid their eggs as they walked．But they probably did not take care of their babies．If the babies survived, they lived for about 100 years．

　　T-rex lived about 85 million to 65 million years ago．Scientists found their fossil in tropical forests near rivers．This meat-eater had a huge head．It has tiny arms, each with two fingers．T-rex had a slim, hard, pointed tail．It helped them to balanced and make quick turns while running．

　　Not all dinosaurs were huge．There were plenty of small and medium-sized dinosaurs．The smallest dinosaur discovered was the size of a chicken．

　　There were no flying dinosaurs or swimming dinosaurs．All dinosaurs lived on the land．None of them lived in the sea or flew(before birds)．There were some flying and swimming animals then but they were closely related to dinosaurs．Some meat-eating dinosaurs developed feathers and became birds．

　　Dinosaurs lived on the earth for more than 150 million years, and then disappeared about 65 million years ago．Scientists try to explain their disappearance, but they've got more questions than answers．Dinosaurs are mysterious．Perhaps this is why people love them so much．

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The word“day”has two meanings．When we talk about the number of days in a year, we are using“day”to mean 24 hours．But when we talk about day and night, we are using“day”to mean the time between sunrise and sunset．Since the earth looks like a ball, the sun can shine on only half of it at a time．Always one half of the earth is having day and the other half night．A place is moved from day into night and from night into day over and over by the spinning(旋轉(zhuǎn))of the earth．At the equator(赤道)day and night are sometimes the same length(長(zhǎng)度)．They are each twelve hours long．The sun rises at 6 o'clock in the morning and sets at 6 o'clock in the evening．For six months the North Pole is tilted(傾斜)toward the sun．In those months the Northern Hemisphere (半球)gets more hours of sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere．Days are longer than nights．South of the equator nights are longer than days．For the other six months the North Pole is tilted away from the sun．Then the Southern Hemisphere gets more sunlight．Days are longer than nights．North of the equator nights are longer than days．Winter is the season of long nights．Summer is the season of long days．

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　　What is the sky(天空)?Where is it? How high is it? What lies above it? These questions are hard to answer, aren't they?

　　Is the sky blue? The sky has no color．We know that there is air around the world．When planes fly, they need air to lift their wings(翼)．Planes cannot fly very high because when they go high, the air gets thinner．If we go up about l,200 kilometers from the earth, we find there is no air．

　　Perhaps(也許)we can answer some of our questions now．The sky is space(空間)．In this space there is only the sun, the moon and all the stars．

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　　When you want to go shopping decide how much money you can, spend for new clothes．Think about the kind of clothes you really need．Then look for those clothes on sale(銷售)．

　　There are labels(標(biāo)簽)inside all new clothes．The labels tell you how to take care of your clothes．The label for a shirt may tell you to wash it in warm water．A sweater label may tell you to wash by washing in cold water．The label on a coat may say“dry clean only”．Washing may ruin(損壞)this coat．If you do as the directions(說(shuō)明)say on the label, you can keep your clothes looking their best．

　　Many clothes today must be dry cleaned．Dry cleaning is expensive．When buying new clothes, check(核實(shí))to see if they will need to be dry cleaned．You will save money if you buy clothes that can be washed．

　　You can save money if you buy clothes that are well made．Well-made clothes last longer．They look good even after they have been washed many times．Clothes that cost more money are not always better made．They do not always fit(合身)better．Sometimes less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes．

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　　Dou Kou, a Chinese boy, is called“the youngest writer in the world”．He has written 3 books so far．Dou Kou was born in Jiangsu Province in 1994．When he was 7 months old, his parents started working in over 30 different cities, such as Xi'an and Shenzhen．This kind of life gave him things to think and write about．When Dou Kou was 9 months old, he could speak and at the age of one he could say five to six hundred words．At 3, he could look up words in the dictionary．At 4, his father taught him to learn something．His parents like reading very much．So does he．At the age of 5, he began writing fairy tales．

　　His fairy tales are all from his life．One day, he found many mice in the house．They not only ate their food but also hurt his mother's hand．So he thought,“If we give mice the stomachs(胃)of cows, they'll eat grass and it'll be helpful to people．”This was his first fairy tale“Change Stomachs for Mice”．At 6, he wrote a novel about his own life in different cities with his parents．

　　Now, he studies well in a middle school．He has written his third book, the novel called“Eyes of Childhood”．He says,“I am not different from other children．I just wrote several books．”

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　　The British are known as people who love to stand in line, but a new research(調(diào)查)shows that the British are only about average at waiting politely in a queue．The French are the best．It's the Germans who don't have a good habit(習(xí)慣)of standing in line．They can't stand to wait for anything．They begin to shout loudly and noisily if the line doesn't seem to be moving fast enough．Sadly it never moves fast enough for them．

　　The experts studied 940 people across Europe．They watched secretly as they waited in line－to get tickets, to order fast food and to wait for the bus．They found people who are good at forming(排成)queues feel that they move along faster．For example, in Britain, the average waiting at a queue needs about three and a half minutes．In Germany or Sweden people hate waiting in line．In fact, people spend double the time as the British in queues．They get to the front of the queue without thinking about others, so they waste others' time．

　　The expert who did the research had asked a person to break into a queue to see what people would do．In Britain, people shouted loudly at him, but when he said,“I am terribly sorry．I didn't realize there was a queue．Do go before me．”People smiled and said,“oh, that's all right, one more won't matter much．”It was also found in France, where 80％of the people didn't mind standing in line, only if they were treated politely．While in Germany everyone was angry and wore an unhappy face．The expert said,“If only they could learn from the British and the French to think of queuing as an exercise in making the best of an unhappy thing, they might find that the queue then moves faster．”

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　　Have you ever got lost in some places? People may lose their way when they travel in a desert, forest, grassland or at sea, sometimes even in a big city．If you lose your way, what should you do? When in a city, you can turn to somebody for help or simply take a taxi．Most people traveling on the sea or in a desert have a compass(指南針), then they can get the right direction(方向)．There are too many kinds of dangerous animals in a large forest and in grassland, especially in Africa．

　　I've ever lost my way in a mountain．It was snowing that day．My friend and I were walking down the mountain．But the road back was covered with snow．The worst of all, it was nearly 5 o'clock and it would get dark in an hour．We have no compass with us and the wind was very strong．What should we do? Luckily, my friend was happy to find that his cell phone still worked．We called the people in mountain service for help．Then they told us,“Don't move．Stay where you are．”About an hour later, we were saved．

　　When people travel, they should always tell someone where they are going, and take a mobile phone with them and make sure it works very well!

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