向一定量的鹽酸中,加入硝酸銀溶液至恰好完全反應(yīng).過濾,所得濾液的質(zhì)量等于所加硝酸銀溶液的質(zhì)量,則鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為________.
25.4%
分析:氯化氫和硝酸銀生成氯化銀沉淀和硝酸,根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒定律可知,鹽酸溶液的質(zhì)量和硝酸銀溶液的質(zhì)量之和等于氯化銀沉淀質(zhì)量和硝酸溶液的質(zhì)量之和,則濾液的質(zhì)量等于鹽酸溶液的質(zhì)量+硝酸銀溶液的質(zhì)量-氯化銀沉淀的質(zhì)量.又因為濾液的質(zhì)量等于所加硝酸銀溶液的質(zhì)量,所以鹽酸的質(zhì)量=沉淀的質(zhì)量.
解答:氯化氫和硝酸銀生成氯化銀沉淀和硝酸,根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒定律可知,鹽酸溶液的質(zhì)量和硝酸銀溶液的質(zhì)量之和等于氯化銀沉淀質(zhì)量和硝酸溶液的質(zhì)量之和,則濾液的質(zhì)量等于鹽酸溶液的質(zhì)量+硝酸銀溶液的質(zhì)量-氯化銀沉淀的質(zhì)量.又因為濾液的質(zhì)量等于所加硝酸銀溶液的質(zhì)量,所以鹽酸的質(zhì)量=沉淀的質(zhì)量.設(shè)氯化氫的質(zhì)量是X,氯化銀的質(zhì)量是Y,則鹽酸的質(zhì)量等于沉淀的質(zhì)量.
AgNO
3+HCl═AgCl↓+HNO
3
36.5 143.5
X Y
═
得:Y=
∴鹽酸的質(zhì)量是
.
∴鹽酸溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)=
×100%═25.4%.
故答案為:25.4%.
點評:本題的關(guān)鍵是得到鹽酸的質(zhì)量等于沉淀的質(zhì)量,就本題來說,可以假定鹽酸的質(zhì)量是36.5克,則沉淀的質(zhì)量是143.5克,從而計算出鹽酸的溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),這是最簡單的方法.